tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89870142051263869742024-03-12T19:49:58.976-07:00Moving Mind's BlogAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-33414597797628193872013-10-24T17:00:00.001-07:002013-10-24T17:00:26.550-07:00Koloid<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ISTEM DISPERSI</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi adalah penyebaran merata dua fase. Kedua
fase tersebut terdiri atas:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase
zat yang didispersikan dikenal juga dengan istilah fase terdispersi atau fase
dalam</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran terdapat tiga macam, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan merupakan campuran yang
bersifat homogen. Ukuran partikel zat terlarut di dalam suatu larutan lebih
kecil dari 10<sup>-7</sup> cm (<1 nm) sehingga sangat sulit untuk diamati,
walaupun dengan menggunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mikroskop.
Jadi, campuran antara gula dan air termasuk larutan karena pencampuran kedua
zat tersebut menghasilkan dua fase yang homogen. Bebrapa contoh larutan lainnya
adalah larutan garam dapur, larutan urea, larutan cuka. Jika larutan ini
disaring dengan menggunakan kertas saring tidak ada zat yang tersaring.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suspensi adalah dispersi zat padat
di dalam air. Zat terdispersi pada suspensi merupakan zat pada yang berukuran
cukup besar. Padatan ini merupakan gabungan dari molekul-molekul zat terdispersi.
Oleh karena itu zat terdispersi memiliki ukuran yang cukup besar, medium
pendispersi (air) tidak mampu menahannya sehingga padatan tersebut dapat
mengendap. Ukuran zat partikel terdispersi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>di dalam suspensi lebih besar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari 10<sup>-5</sup> cm (>100nm) aehingga masih dapat diamati dengan
mudah. Suspensi dapat disaring dengan menggunakan kertas saring biasa.
Berdasarkan penjelasan ini, berarti campuran antara pasir dan air meriupkan
suspensi. Jika campuran oasir dan air dituangkan ke dalam gelas menggunakan
penyaring, pasir dan air pasti akan terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koloid
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk memudahkan pembahasan sistem
dispersi koloid, digunakan fase terdispersi berupa padatan dan fase pendispersi
yang umum, yaitu air. Ukuran partikel zat terdispersi di dalam koloid lebih
besar daripada ukuran partikel di dalam larutan, tetapi lebih kecil daripada
ukuran partikel di dalam larutan, tetapi lebih kecil daripada ukuran partikel
zat terdispersi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di dalam suspensi.
Partikel zat terdispersi berukuran antara 10<sup>-7</sup> cm-10<sup>-5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>cm (1nm-100nm).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem koloid tampak homogen jika
dilihat tanpa mikroskop, tetapi dengan menggunakan mikroskop tampak adanya
partikepartikel fase terdispersi. Partikel koloid dapat disaring dengan
menggunakan suatu kertas saring<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang
berpori-pori sangat halus (penyaring ultra). Berdasarkan sistem dispersinya,
suatu koloid tampak seperti suspensi. Akan tetapi, secara fisik tampak seperti
homogen, campuran susu bubuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan air
dinamakan koloid.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Suspensi </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
(Sistem Heterogen)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Koloid </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
(Sistem Koloid)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Larutan Sejati </div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
(Sistem Homogen)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Besar antara : 200 nm – tak hingga</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Besar antara : 1 nm – 200 nm</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Besar kurang dari 1 nn</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
2 fasa</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
2 fasa</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
1 fasa</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikel tidak lolos dari saringan dan
membran </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikal luas dari saringan tapi tidak
lolos dari membran </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikel lolos dari saringan dan
membran </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Mengendap dengan cepat (tidak setabil)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Ada kecendrungan untuk mengendap (agak
stabil)</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Penyeberan merata (stbail) </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Keruh</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Agak keruh </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Jernih </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikel dapat dilihat mata dan
mikrsokop</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikel tidak terlihat dengan dan
dapat dilihat dengan ultra mikroskop</div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.95pt;" valign="top" width="208">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
Partikel tidak dapat dilihat ultra
mikroskop skalipun mikroskop</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ENIS KOLOID</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis partikel koloid dibedakan menjadi 3 yatitu
dispersi koloid , larutan makromolekul , dan koloid asosiasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi
Koloid</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dispersi koloid adalah zat-zat yang tidak larut dengan
partikel-partikel yang terdiri dari gabungan banyak molekul. Dispersi koloid
umumnya dinamakan hanya dengan koloid. Dispersi koloid bersifat heterogen,
terdiri dari fase terdispersi dan medium pendispersi. Fase terdispersi maupun
medium terdispersi dapat berupa zat padat, zat cair, maupun gas. Dari 3 jenis
zat tersebut akan berbentuk 8 sistem koloid. Campuran antara gas dengan gas
bukan koloid, tapi merupakan larutan sejati. Tabel berikut memperlihatkan 8
jenis koloid .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa Jenis Koloid</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 23.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fase
Terdispersi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Medium
Pendispersi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
Koloid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 23.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aerosol
padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asap,
debu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol
atau suspensoid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AgCl
dalam H<sub>2</sub>O, cat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol
padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
berwarna</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aeroemulsi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabut,
awan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi
atau emulsoid</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu,
santan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gel
(emulsi padat)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mentega,
keju</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cair</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buih</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Busa
sabun, krim kocok</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 36.9pt;" valign="top" width="49">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 108.0pt;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buih
padat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.4pt;" valign="top" width="115">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu
apung</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari kedelapan jenis koloid tersebut yang paling
penting adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sol, emulsi </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gel, aerosol </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">busa</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buih.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol adalah koloid dengan fase
terdispersi zat padat dan mdium pendispersi zat cair dinamakan sol, seddangkan
jika medium pendispersinya padat dinamakan sol padat. Berdasarkan hubungannya
dengan pelarut, sol dibagi menjadi dua yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sol liofobik </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sol liofilik</i>.
Sol liofobik merupakan butir-butir koloid yang tidak suka dengan pelarut,
misalnya sol logam-logam dan garam-garam dalam air. Sol liofilik merupakan
butir-butir yang suka dengan pelarut, misalnya koloid liofobik yang sudah
diberi gelatin, kanji, atau kasein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat sol :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
fisika koloid tergantung pada jenis koloidnya. Untuk koloid <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">liofobik</i> sifat seperti rapat, tegangan
muka, dan viskositas hampir sama dengan mediumnya. Pada koloid <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">liofilik</i> sifat fisikanya sangat berbeda
dengan mediumnya yaitu viskositas dan tegangan mukanya lebih kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
koligatif sol lebih kecil dari sifat koligatif larutan biasa. Hal tersebut
karena butir-butir koloid terdiri dari banyak sekali molekul sedangkan pengaruh
terhadap sifat koligatif hanya ditentukan oleh jumlah molekul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol
mempunyai sifat optis atau dapat memancarkan sinar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sol liofilik dan liofibik bermuatan
listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada pembentukan sol biasanya sol
yang diperoleh tidak murni, tetapi bercampur dengan elektrolit. Zat ini dapat
dihilangkan dengan cara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dialisis</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">elektrtodialisis </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ultrafiltrasi</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrolit melewati membran yang
porous seperti kertas perkamen, sedang butir-butir koloid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak. Dialisis memerlukan waktu yang lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Elektrodialisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dennhgan mempergunakan perbedaan
potensial diantara membran-membrannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ultrafiltrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama dengan filtrasi biasa, tetapi
di sini sebagai penyaring digunakan kertas saring yang dilapisi kolodion atau
menggunakan porselin yang porous.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi adalah dispersi koloid zat
cair dengan zat cair. Emulsi dapat dibuat dengan mengaduk kedua zat cair
tersebut. Agar emulsi stabil maka perlu ditambah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">emulgator</i>. Contoh emulsi adalah air dalam minyak dan minyak dalam
air. Keduanyam sepertinya sama tetapi sebenarnya berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada emulsi air dalam lemak, air
sebagai fase terdisperesi sedangkan medium pendispersinya minyak. Sebaliknya
pada emulsi minyak dalam air yang berfungsi sebagai medium terdispersi adalah
minyak. Minyak disini adalah semua zat cair yang tidak bercampur dengan air.
Emulsi minyak dalam air atau air dalam minyak dapat dibedakan dengan dua cara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan
air atau minyak. Jika air segera tercampur maka emulsinya adalah minyak dalam
air, sedangkan jika air tidak bercampur maka emulsinya adalah air dalam minyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan
elektrolit. Bila menambah daya hantar maka emulsinya adalah minyak dalam air,
bial tidak menambah daya hantar maka emulsinya air dalam minyak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh emulsi minyak dalam air
antara lain santan dan susu, sedangkan contoh emulsi air dalam minyak antara
lain minyak bumi, minyak ikan, dan mayonase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat emulsi antara lain
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ukuran
partikelnya antara 100-1000 mµ.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukan
efek Tyndall.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukan
gerak Brown.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biasannya
bermuatan negatif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bergerak
dalam medan listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sensitif terhadap elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Emulsi yang terjadi dapat dirusak
dengan melakukan pemanasa, pembekuan, pengocokan, dan penambahan elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aerosol</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika medium pendispersi adalah gas
maka dinamakan aerosol. Aerosol ada dua yaitu aerosol padat dan aerosol cair
(aeroemulsi). Aerosol padat jika medium terdispersinya zat padat, contohnya
asap dan debu. Aerosol cair jika meddium terdispersinya zat cair, contohnya
kabut dan awan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Busa
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">buih</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika pada aerosol medium
pendispersinya adalah gas, maka pada busa, gas sebagai fase terdispersi. Busa
dapat dibuat dengan mengalirkan gas ke dalam medium pendispersi yang mengandung
busa. Untuk dapat menstabilkan busa maka digunakan zat penstabil busa misalnya
sabun dan protein. Zat yang dapat menghalangi terjadinya busa antara lain
minyak tanah dan alkohol. Busa digunakan antara lain pada alat pemadam
kebakaran. busa dibagi dua, yaitu busa padat dan busa cair.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gel</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila zat cair dan zat padat
dicampur pada konsentrasi yang tepat maka zat cair yang ada dapat terserap oleh
zat padatnya. Peristiwa tersebut dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">gelasi</i>
dan zat yang terbentuk dinamakan gel. Gel dapat dibuat dengan beberapa cara
antara lain sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendinginan,
misalnya agar-agar dapat dibuat dari pendingin larutan agar-agar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metatesa,
misalnya pembuatan silika gel.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3(aq)</sub>
+ 2HCl<sub>(aq) </sub>→ 2NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3(aq)</sub>
atau SiO<sub>2</sub>.n H<sub>2</sub>O (Gel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan pelarut, misalnya larutan
kalsium asetat dalam air jika ditambah alkohol akan menjadi gel kalsium asetat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa gel misalnya oksida
terhidrat bila dilakukan pengocokan akan mencair membentuk sol, tetapi bila
didinginkan akan membentuk gel kembali. Peristiwa perubahan gel menjadi sol
atau sebaliknya dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tiksotropi</i>.
Contoh gel antara lain mentega, keju, agar-agar, lem kanji, selai, gel sabun,
dan produk-produk kosmetik misalnya minyak rambut.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
Makromolekul</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
makromolekul berupa larutan dari zat yang mempunyai bentuk molekul yang besar,
hingga mempunyai ukuran koloid. Molekul-molekul yang mempunyai massa molekul
relatif sangat tinggi dapat dibuat secara sintetis, misalnya, karet sintetis,
polistirena, nylon. Polimer-polimer dapat membentuk larutan sejati seperti
zat-zat yang mempunyai berat molekul rendah. Polimer yang diendapkan dari
larutannya dapat dilarutkan kembali. Hal tersebut tidak dapat terjadi pada
dispersi koloid. Larutan makromolekul termasuk koloid berdasarkan ukuran
molekul-molekulnya sebesar butir-butir koloid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat larutan makromolekul sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
koligatif larutan makromolekul sangat rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menunjukkan
efek Tyndall.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
makromolekul tidak dipengaruhi medan listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
makromolekul dapat diendapkan dengan penguapan atau dengan penambahan pelarut.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koloid Asosiasi</span></i></b></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan
kalsium oleat ke dalam air pada temperatur 50</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">⁰</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C
akan menurunkan tegangan permukaan air. Bila penambahan dilakukan terus maka
pada konsentrasi kalsium oleat 0,0035 molar, tegangan permukaan tidak dapat
turun lagi. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena ion oleat membentuk </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gumpalan yang dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">missell</i>. Konsentrasi pada saat mulai terjadi misell dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">critical micellization</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">consentration (cmc)</i>. Dibawah nilai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cmc</i> akan terbentuk ion oleat, sedangkan
diatas nilai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cmc</i> akan terbentuk
misell yang butir-butirnya mempunyai ukuran koloid. Perubahan dari bentuk ion
menjadi misell dinamakan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">reversible</i>.
Koloid yang seperti itu dinamakan koloid asosiasi. Contoh koloid asosiasi
antara lain sabun, alkil sulfat tinggi, garam amina tinggi, zat warna, ester
gliserol tinggi, dan polietilena oksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misell ada dua yaitu misell ionik misalnya garam
amino dan misell kationik misalnya polietilena. Misell tidak terjadi bila
terjadi kenaikan temperatur dan kenaikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cmc</i>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">IFAT KOLOID</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
fisik sistem koloid terlihat homogen seperti larutan . Namun jika diamati
dengan mikroskop , akan terlihat adanya perbedaan antara koloid dengan larutan
karena koloid sebenarnya bersifat heterogen . Sistem koloid memiliki sifat
sifat yang khas yang membedakan dengan larutan sejati .Berikut sifat sifat dari
koloid .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak
Brown </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak
Brown adalah gerak lurus partikel partikel koloid yang arahnya tidak menentu
yang disebabkan oleh tumbukan dari molekul molekul medium<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendispersi dengan partikel partikel koloid .
Gerak Brown ditemukan pertama kali oleh Robert Brown seorang sarjana Biologi
(1773-1859)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makin
kecil ukuran partikel , makin cepat Gerak Brown yang terjadi . Demikian pula ,
makin besar ukuran partikel maka makin lambat Gerak Broen yang terjadi . Gerak
Brown juga dipengaruhi suhu . Semakin tinggi suhu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistem koloid , maka semakin besar energi
kinetik yang dimiliki partikel partikel medium pendispersinya . Akibatnya gerak
Brown partikel terdispersinya semakin cepat . Demikian pula sebaliknya , makin
rendah suhu sistem koloid , gerak Brown semakin lambat . </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerak
Brown dapat berlangsung terus karena gaya yang bekerja pada partikel dihasilkan
oleh tumbukan partikel itu sendiri . Hal ini mengakibatkan berkurangnya gaya
gravitasi terhadap partikel fasa dispersi . Akibatnya gerakan partikel acak . </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek
Tyndall</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
membedakan apakah suatu campuran termasuk larutan sejati atau koloid digunakan
metode penyinaran . Jika pengamat melihat dari arah tegak lurus terhadap sinar
, maka :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada larutan sejati berkas sinar tidak
terlihat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada koloid cahaya dibaurkan ke segala
arah dapat dilihat .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
gelas kimia yang berisi larutan kanji yang dilewati oleh cahaya dari lampu senter
, akan terlihat berkas cahaya dengan nyata melewati larutan kanji tersebut ,
karena partikel partikel pada larutan kanji akan menghamburkan berkas cahaya .
Tetapi pada gula tidak terlihat penghamburan cahaya seperti pada larutan kanji
. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlihatnya
berkas cahaya pada larutan kanji disebabkan berkas cahaya mengenai partikel
partikel koloid yang kemudian dihamburkan oleh partikel koloid tersebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehigga berkas cahaya terlihat jelas . </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gejala
ini pertama kali ditemukan oleh Michael Farady , kemudian pada tahun 1869 John
Tyndall seorang ahli fisika dari Inggris mempelajari pembauran sinar pada
koloid . Gejala pemantulan dan pembauran cahaya oleh partikel koloid
disebut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gejala atau Efek Tyndall . Jadi
Efek Tyndall adalah peristiwa penghamburan cahaya oleh partikel partikel koloid
sehingga tampak lintasan berkas sinar tersebut . </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam kehidupan sehari – hari, efek Tyndall dapat dilihat pada gejala – gejala
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
sinar matahari masuk melalui celah ke dalam ruangan, pada sinar tersebut
terlihat debu-debu beterbangan. Pada daerah yang tidak terkena sinar matahari,
tidak akan terlihat debu-debu. Begitu juga jika sinar matahari melewati
pepohonan dan daerah berkabut akan terlihat lebih jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
berdada di dalam gedung bioskop, jika ada asap rokok yang mengepul, maka cahaya
proyektor terlihat lebih jelas dan layar proyektor menjadi buram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sorot
lampu mobil pada malam berkabut akan terlihat lebih terang, namun jalanan
tidak. Begitu juga pada jalanan berdebu. Itulah sebabnya sorot lampu mobil
seakan tidak tampak, tetapi jalanan terlihat jelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Partikel koloid mampu menyerap
molekul – molekul netral atau ion-ion pada permukaannya. Jika partikel kolid
menyerap ion bermuatan, kemudian ion-ion tersebut menempel pada permukaannya,
partikel koloid tersebut menjadi bermuatan. Penyerapan yang hanya terjadi di
permukaan saja disebut adsorpsi. Sedangkan penyerapan yang terjadi di seluruh
bagian disebut absorpsi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
adsorpsi partikel koloid digunakan pada proses-proses berikut:</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjernihan
Air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
air sungai, tanah yang terdispersi dapat diendapkan dengan penambahan tawas
(KAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) atau larutan PAC (Poly Aluminum Chloride).
Kedua zat ini dapat membentuk koloid Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>. Kemudian, partikel
koloid Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>mengadsorpsi pengotor di dalam air, menggumpalkan,
dan mengendapkannya sehingga air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi
jernih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penghilangan
Kotoran pada Proses Pembuatan Sirup</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
industri pembuatan sirup untuk menghilangkan pengotor ini biasanya digunakan
putih telur. Setelah gula larut, sambil diaduk ditambahkan putih telur sehingga
putih telur tersebut menggumpal dan mengadsorpsi pengotor. Selain putih telur,
dapat juga digunakan zat lain, seperti tanah diatomae atau arang aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Menghilangkan Bau Badan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produk
roll on deodorant digunakan adsorben (zat yang akan mengadsorpsi) berupa
Al-stearat . jika deodorant digosokkan pada anggota badan, Al-stearat
mengadsorpsi keringan yang menyebabkan bau badan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggunaan
Arang Aktif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arang
aktif merupakan contoh adsorben yang dibuat dengan cara mamanaskan arang dalam
udara kering. Arang aktif memiliki kemampuan untuk menyerap berbagai zat. Obat
norit (obat sakit perut) mengandung zat arang aktif yang berrfungsi menyerap
berbagai zat dan racun dalam usus. Arang aktif ini juga digunakan pada topeng
gas, lemari es (untuk menghilangkan bau), dan rokok filter (untuk mengikat asap
nikotin dan tar).</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koagulasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Koagulasi adalah penggumpalan
partikel koloid yang terjadi karena kerusakan stabilitas sistem koloid atau
karena penggabungan partikel koloid yang berbeda muatan sehingga membentuk
partikel yang lebih besar. Koagulasi dapat terjadi karena pengaruh pemananasan,
pendingingan, penambahan elektrolit, pembusukkan, pencampuran koloid yang
berbeda muatan atau karena elektroforesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut
beberapa proses koagulasi yang sengaja dilakukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perebusan
Telur </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Telur
mentah merupakan suatu sistem koloid dengan fase terdispersi berupa protein.
Jika telur tersebut direbus, maka akan terjadi koagulasi, sehingga telur
tersebut menggumpal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
Yoghurt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Susu
dapat diubah menjadi yoghurt melalui fermentasi. Pada fermentasi susu akan
terbentuk asam laktat yang menggumpal dan berasa asam.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
Tahu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pembuatan tahu dari kedelai, mula-mula kedelai dihancurkan sehingga terbentuk
bubur kedelai. Kemudian, ditambahkan larutan elektrolit, yaitu CaSO<sub>4 </sub>.
2H<sub>2</sub>O yang disebut batu tahu sehingga protein kedelai menggumpal dan
membentuk tahu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan
Lateks</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lateks
terbuat dari getah karet. Pada pembuatan lateks, getah karet digumpalkan dengan
penambahan asam asetat atau asam format. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjernihan
Air Sungai.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Air
sungai mengandung padatan lumpur yang terdispersi di dalam air (sol). Sol tanah
liat dalam air sungai memilki muatan negatif sehingga dapat diendapkan dengan
penambahan tawas atau PAC. Di dalam air sungai, tawas atau PAC membentuk koloid
Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> yang bemuatan positif. Pengendapan terjadi karena koagulasi
koloid yang bermuatan negatif dengan kolid yang berrmuatan positif. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan
Delta</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Delta
terbentuk dari hasil pencampuran air sungai yang mengandung koloid tanah liat
dan elektrolit yang berasal dari air laut. Percampuran tersebut menyebabkan
terjadinya koagulasi sehingga terbentuk delta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengolaha
n Asap atau Debu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padatan
dalam asap atau debu dapat diendapkan dengan menggunakan alat berupa Cottrel.
Partikel asap dan debu akan tertarik pada elektrode cerobong Cottrel yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mengendap. Endapan yang terbentuk akan
diendapkan secara berkala sehingga gas – gas yang keluar dari cerobong sudah
terbebas dari partikel padatan yang berbahaya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koloid
Liofil dan Koloid Liofob</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
koloid sol dapat bersifat liofol dan ada juga yang bersifat liofob. Pada sol
yang bersifat liofil , zat terdispersi dapat menarik atau mengikat medium
pendispersi. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
sol yang bersifat liofob, zat terdispersi tidak dapat mengikat medium pendispersiny
(air).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Umumnya kolid liofil terlihat
homogen, tidak tampak adanya medium pendispersi, lebih kental dan membentuk
gel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Contoh koloid liofil, agar-agar,
koloid kanji, cat, lem. Jika medium pendispersi pada suatu kolid liofil adalah
air, kolid tersebut disebut kolid hidrofil. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
sol yang bersifat liofob, zat terdispersi tidak terdispersi dengan baik jika
ditambahkan lagi medium pendispersi. Contoh kolid liofob yaitu sol emas, sol
belerang. Suatu kolid liofob dengan medium pendispersi air tersebut dinamakan
koloid hidrofob.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">oloid Pelindung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Koloid
pelindung adalah suatu sistem kolid yang ditambahkan pada sistem koloid lainnya
agar diperoleh koloid yang stabil. Contoh koloid pelindung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah gelatin yang merupakan koloid padatan
dalam medium air.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialisis
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialisis
adalah proses penyaringan partikel koloid dari ion-ion yang teradsorpsi
sehingga ion-ion dapat dihilagkan dan zat terdispersi terbebas dari ion-ion
yang terbebas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kantung
penyaring merupakan selaput semipermeabel yang hanya dapat dilewati ion dan
air, tetapi tidak dapat dilewati partikel koloid. Proses dialisis juga terjadi
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolisme tubuh seperti ginjal
yang bekerja sebagai penyaring semipermeabel. Cairan hasil metabolisme di dalam
darah mengandung butir-butir darah, air, dan urea.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Koloid Dalam Pengolahan Air</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengolahan
air sungai menjadi air bersih dapat dilakukan melalui tahap-tahap sebegai
berikkut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggumpalan
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Penggumpalan (koagulasi) dilakukan dengan menggunakan tawas (Kal(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>),
PAC(Poly Aluminium Chloride), Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> .
senyawa tersebut dapat menghasilkan koloid Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> yang akan
mengadsorpsi pengotor tanah dan menggumpalkannya sehingga terbentuk endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Penyaringan </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
terjadi penggumpalan, kemudian dilakukan proses penyaringan menggunakan peyaring.
Penyaring terdiri atas lapisan pasir, kerikil, dan ijuk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Adsorpsi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adsorpsi
atau penyerapan kotoran menggunakan koloid Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>terjadi pada
tahap awal. Jika terdapat ion Fe<sup>2+</sup>, yang tersebut terlebih dahulu
menjadi ion Fe<sup>3+</sup> menggunakan kaporit. Setelah itu baru proses
adsorpsi dapat dilakukan menggunakan Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>. Proses adsorpsi juga
dilakukan dengan menggunakan karbo aktif yang dapat menyerap bau dan zat-zat
kimia, seperti besi dan sisa kaporit yang berlebih .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Desinfeksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambahan
kaporit bertujuan membunuh kuman-kuman. Kaporit juga berperan sebagai oksidator
dan ditambahkan sebelum penggumpalan. Kaporit ini menimbulkan bau unsur klorin
yang kurang sedap sehingga digunakan karbon aktif untuk menyerap klorin
tersebut.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBUATAN SISTEM KOLOID</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Partikel koloid berada
di antara ukuran partikel larutan sejati dan suspensi kasar. Berdasarkan hal
tersebut, maka sistem koloid dapat dibuat dengan dua cara yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Kondensi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara kondensi adalah pembuatan
system koloid dengan cara mengubah partikel-partikel halus menjadi
partikel-partikel koloid. Biasanya cara ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan
reaksi-reaksi kimia. Reaksi kimia yan yang digunakan dalam kondensasi adalah
reaksi hidrolisis, reaksi redoks, dan penggantian pelarut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Hidrolisis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
FeCl<sub>3 </sub>dimasukkan ke dalam air mendidih, akan terbentuk Fe(OH)<sub>3 </sub>yang
ukuran partikel-partikelnya lebih besar dibandingkan ukuran partikel larutan
sehingga membentuk sol Fe(OH)<sub>3. </sub>Persamaan reaksi yang terjadi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 161px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 26px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cadmin%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="26" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FeCl<sub>3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3H<sub>2</sub>O<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fe(OH)<sub>3</sub>
+ 3HCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat partikel-partikel Fe(OH)<sub>3 </sub>terbentuk
dan berukuran partikel koloid maka akan menyerap ion-ion Fe<sup>3+</sup>
sehingga koloid menjadi bermuatan positif</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Redoks </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan sol emas dapat dilakukan dengan cara
mereaksikan AuCl<sub>3</sub> dengan FeSO<sub>4 </sub>berdasarkan persamaan
reaksi berikut ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="height: 16px; left: 0px; margin-left: 208px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="16" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cadmin%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="29" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">AuCl<sub>3
(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FeSO<sub>4(aq)</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Au <sub>(s)
</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ Fe<sub>2</sub>(So<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3
(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Au<sup>3+ </sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengalami reduksi menjadi Au dan Fe<sup>2+ </sup>mengalami
oksidasi menjadi Fe<sup>3+</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 2.0cm 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Penggantian Pelarut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan gel Kalsium asetat dilakukan
dengan menambahkan alkohol secara tiba-tiba ke dalam larutan Kalsium asetat
jenuh. Alkohol yang ditambahkan akan mengikat air sehingga terjadi penurunan
kelarutan Kalsium asetat dan karena penambahannya dilakukan tiba-tiba maka air
dan alkohol terperangkap diantara partikel Kalsium asetat yang mengendap
sehingga terbentuk gel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 2.0cm 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara Dispersi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membuat system koloid dengan cara
mengubah partikel-partikel kasar menjadi artikel-partikel koloid. Pembuatan
koloid melalui cara disperse diantaranya :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 2.0cm 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Mekanik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara ini dilakukan dengan menggerus
partikel kasar sehingga membentuk partikel koloid kemudian mendispersikannya ke
dalam medium pendispersi. Contoh : pembuatan sol belerang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 2.0cm 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
busur Bredig </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya cara ini digunakan untuk membuat
sol logam. Dilakukan dengan cara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mendekatkan dua batang logam yang memiliki beda potensial tinggi dalam
air, panas yang terjadi akan mengakibatkan logam menguap, uap tersebut
terdispersi ke dalam air kemudian mengalami kondensasi dan membentuk sol.
Contoh : pembuatan sol emas.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 2.0cm 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
Peptasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 148.7pt 187.85pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses peptasi adalah proses pemecahan partikel yang
lebih besar menjadi partikel koloid. Dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan zat
penyebab peptisasi ke dalam suatu larutan. Contoh : untuk membuat sol Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>
maka kedalam endapan Al(OH)<sub>3 </sub>ditambahkan AlCl<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-76065084996251299022012-11-16T17:22:00.000-08:002012-11-16T17:22:18.605-08:00Gelombang Elektrogenetik<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori
Gelombang Elektromagnetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perpaduan antara teori
adanya cahaya dan elektromagnetik menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa cahaya adalah
suatu bentuk radiasi elektromagnetik. Gelombang elektromagnetik diitimbulkan
oleh muatan yang dipercepat, terdiri dari medan B dan medan listrik E yang
bergetar saling tegak lurus dan keduanya tegak lurus terhadap arah perambatan
gelombang. Gelombang elektromagnetik merupakan gelombang transversal, karena
arah getarnya tegak lurus dengan arah perambatannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<strong><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ciri-ciri gelombang elektromagnetik :</span></strong><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br />
</span></b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari uraian tersebut
diatas dapat disimpulkan beberapa ciri gelombang elektromagnetik adalah sebagai
berikut:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Perubahan
medan listrik dan medan magnetik terjadi pada saat yang bersamaan, sehingga
kedua medan memiliki harga maksimum dan minimum pada saat yang sama dan pada
tempat yang sama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Arah medan listrik dan medan magnetik
saling tegak lurus dan keduanya tegak lurus terhadap arah rambat gelombang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari ciri no
2 diperoleh bahwa gelombang elektromagnetik merupakan gelombang transversal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seperti
halnya gelombang pada umumnya, gelombang elektromagnetik mengalami peristiwa
pemantulan, pembiasan, interferensi, dan difraksi. Juga mengalami peristiwa polarisasi
karena termasuk gelombang transversal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Cepat rambat
gelombang elektromagnetik</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">hanya bergantung pada sifat-sifat listrik
dan magnetik medium yang ditempuhnya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teori
Maxwell tentang gelombang elektromagnetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Michael Faraday telah
menyelidiki hubungn kelistrikan dan kemagnetan sehingga menemukan bahwa
perubahan medan magnetic dapat menghasilkan medan listrik. Berdasarkan
simetrisasi alami, James Clark Maxwell mengemukakan hipoteisis bahwa apabila
perubahan medan magnetik dapat menimbulkan medan listrik, maka sebaliknya
perubahan medan listrik pun akan dapat menimbulkan medan magnetic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
elektromagnetik terdiri dari medan listrik dan medan magnetic yang berubah
secara periodic dan serempak dengan arah getar tegak lurus satu sama lain dan
keduanya tegak lurus terhadap arah rambatan gelmbang. Dengan demikian gelombang
magnetic merupakan gelombang transversal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan rambat
gelombang elektromagnetik ditentukan oleh permeabilitas vakum </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0
</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dan
permitivitas vakum </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">e</span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0 </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang memenuhi
hubungan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan
memasukkan nilai </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0 = </span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4π </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-7 </span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Wb/A
m dan </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">e</span></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">0
</span></sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">=
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8,85
</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; position: relative; top: 5.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">10<sup>-12 </sup></span><sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sup><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ke persamaan, maka
diperoleh c = 2,998 x 10<sup>8</sup> m/s. Nilai cepat rambat gelombang
elektromagnetik ini tepat sama dengan cepat rambat cahaya dalam vakum sehingga
dapat disimpulkan bahwa cahaya termasuk gelombang elektromagnetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat-sifat gelombang : </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
merambat dalam ruang hampa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
gelombang transversal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merambat
dalam arah lurus.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
mengalami pembiasa (refraksi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
mengalami pemantulan (refleksi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
mengalami perpaduan (interferensi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
mengalami pelenturan ( difraksi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
mengalami pengkutuban ( polarisasi).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spektrum Gelombang Elektromagnetik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spektrum
gelombang elektromagnetik terdiri dari bermacam-macam gelombang yang dibedakan
berdasarkan frekuensi atau panjang gelombangnya. Urutan sspektrum gelombang
elektromagnetik daro panjang gelombang terkecil sampai terbesar sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
gamma (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ᵧ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar-X</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
Ultraviolet</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cahaya
tampak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
inframerah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
mikro</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
radio.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggunaan
gelombang elektromagnetik antara lain sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
gamma</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar gamma mempunyai daerh
frekuensi 10<sup>20 </sup>Hz sampai<sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></sup>10<sup>25 </sup>Hz. Sinar gamma merupakan gelombang
elektromagnetik yang memiliki daya tembus sangat kuat sehingga dapat menembus
pelat besi dengan ketebalan sampai beberapa sentimeter. Sinar yang dihasilkan
oleh inti-inti yang tidak stabil ini banyak digunakan untuk membunuh sel-sel
kanker dan sterlisasi alat-alat kedokteran. Radiasi sinar gamma dapat diketahui
dengan suatu alat yang disebut dengan detektor Geiger-Muller.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar-X/Sinar
Rontgen</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar-X mempunyai daerah frekuensi 10<sup>16</sup>
Hz sampai 10<sup>20 </sup>Hz. Sinar-X dihasilkan oleh electron-elektron yang
terletak di bagian dalam kulit electron atau juga pancaran radiasi yang keluar
ketika electron yang berkecepatan tinggi menumbuk permukaan logam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deangan panjang gelombang yang
pendek dan frekuensi yang besar, sinar-X mempunyai daya tembus yang kuat.
Sinar- X dapat digunakan untuk memotret susunan tulang dalam tubuh, misalnya
utuk menentukan letak tulang yang retak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -36pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar Ultraviolet</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar ultraviolet mempunyai
frekuensi 10<sup>15</sup> Hz sampai10<sup>16</sup> Hz. Jenis gelombang
elektromagnetik ini dihasilkan oleh atom dan molekul dalam loncatan atau nyala
listrik. Dengan energy yanghampir sama pada energy yang diperlukan dalam suatu
reaksi kimia, maka sinar ultraviolet dapat digunakan untuk memendarkan barium
platina sianida, menghitamkan pelat foto yang berlapis perak bromide, dan
memiliki daya pembnuh kuman (terutama untuk kuman-kuman penyakit kulit).
Sumber-sumber sinar ultraviolet adalah busur karbon, lampu merkuri, dan sinar
matahari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Matahari merupakan sumber utama
dari sinar ultraviolet. Sinar ultraviolet dari matahari dapat mengionisasi
partikel-partikel di atmosfer yang berada pada ketinggian sekitar 80 km yang
disebut lapisan ionosfer. Lapisan ozon (O) di atmosfer dapat menyerap sinar
ultraviolet sehingga tidak sampai ke permukaan bumi. Berlubangnya lapisan ozon
dapat menyebabkan meningkatnya sinar ultraviolet yang sampai ke permukaan bumi
sehingga akan mengancam makhluk hidup di permukaan bumi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cahaya
atau sinar Tampak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cahaya atau sinar tampak merupakan
sinar yang dapat membantu penglihatan kita. Cahaya tampak dapat dihasilkan oleh
benda yang suhunya cukup tinggi, misalnya matahari dan filament pada lampu.
Cahaya tampak juga dapat dihasilkan dari perpindahan elektron dalam atom dari
keadaan berenergi tinggi ke keadaan berenergi rendah. Cahaya yang berbeda
frekuensi atau panjang gelombang akan menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaa sensasi
pada mata, sehingga menimbulkan warna yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spektrum warna cahaya berdasarkan
urutan kenaikan panjang gelombang adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: center; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 11.6pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Spektrum Warna</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Panjang Gelombang (nm)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 17.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ungu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 17.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">390 – 455</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biru</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">455 – 492</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hijau</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">492 – 577</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kuning</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">577 – 597</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jingga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">597 – 622</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 19.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 213.85pt;" valign="top" width="285">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 19.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.65pt;" valign="top" width="286">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: -14.4pt; margin-right: -7.2pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: center; mso-element-top: 11.6pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">622 – 780</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
Inframerah </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
inframerah dapat dihasilkan oleh elektron dalam molekul yang bergetar karena
dipanaskan. Apabila suatu benda dipanaskan akan memancarkan sinar inframerah
yang jumlah sinarnya bergantung pada suhu dana warna bend. Dengan menggunakan
prinsip ini, suatu satelit pengamat dapat mendeteksi tumbuh-tumbuhan (atau
benda lain) yang ada di suatu daerah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
inframerah dapat dihasilkan oleh molekul-molekul dan benda panas yang dapat
dimanfaatkan dalam bidang industry, medis, dan astrinomi. Pemotretan permukaan
bumi dari pesawat udara maupun satelit biasanya menggunakan sinar inframerah
karena tidak banyak dihamburkan oleh partikel-partikel udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinar
Inframerah dapat dibedakan ke dalam tiga daerah seperti pada tabel berikut :</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Daerah Inframerah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rentang Panjang Gelombang (m)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inframerah dekat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7,8 × 10<sup>-7 </sup>– 3 × 10<sup>-6</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inframerah sedang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 × 10<sup>-6 </sup>– 3 × 10<sup>-5</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Inframerah jauh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 202.5pt;" valign="top" width="270">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 × 10<sup>-5 </sup>– 10<sup>-3</sup></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
Mikro</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang mikro merupakan gelombang
radio dengan frekuensi paling tinggi (SHF= Super High Frequency), yaitu 3 GHz.
Gelombang mikrodapt dengan mudah diserap oleh molekul air dalam makanan.
Apabila suatu makanan menyerap radiasi gelombnag mikro., maka makanan tersebut
menjadi panas dalam waktu yang sangat singkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang mikro dihasilka oleh
peralatan elektronika khusus, misalnya tabung klystron. Hal ini dapat
dimanfaatkan dalam oven (microwave oven) untuk memasak makanan dengan cepat dan
lebih ekonomis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang
Radio dan Televisi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gelombang televisi yang mempunyai
frekuensi sedikit lebih tinggi dari gelombang radio dapat merambat secara lurus
dan tidak dapat dipntulkan oleh lapisan ionosfer (suatu lapisan dalam atmosfer
bumi). Agar dapat ditangkap atau diterima di suatu daerah yang jauh dari
pemancarnya diperlukan adanya stasiun relai atau stasiun penghubung. Geelombang
radio dan televisi dihasilkan dari osilsi listrikdalam rangkaian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frekuensi
gelombang radio dimulai dari 30 Hz dan dibagi berdasarkan lebar frekuensinya
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis
Frekuensi dan Lebar Frekuensi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jenis
Gelombang dan Panjang Gelombang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Manfaat</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Low Frequency
(LF) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">30 kHz – 300
kHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Long Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.500 m</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
jarak jauh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio
komersial gelombang panjang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Medium
Frequency (MF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">300 kHz – 3MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Medium Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">300 m</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
jarak jauh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio
komersial gelombang medium</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">High Frequency
(HF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 MHz – 30 MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Short Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">30 m</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
radio amatir dan CB</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio
komersial gelombang pendek</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Very High
Frequency (VHF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">30 MHz – 300
MHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Very Short
Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 m</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio FM</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radio mobil polisi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
pesawat udara</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ultra High
Frequency (UHF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">300 MHz – 3GHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ultra Short
Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">30 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
jarak pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sakuran
televise</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 149.4pt;" valign="top" width="199">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Super High
Frequency (SHF)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Di atas 3 GHz</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 125.85pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Micro Wave</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3 cm</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.15pt;" valign="top" width="240">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Komunikasi
menggunakan satelit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Radar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saluran televise</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 17.25pt; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Telepon</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peranan
Gelombang Elektromagnetik dalam Kehidupan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang elektromagnetik
banyak dimanfaatkan dalam kehidupan di muka bumi. Pemanfaatan itu ada dalam
berbagai bidang, yaitu bidang kedokteran, bidang industri, bidang astronomi,
bidang seni, dan bidang sains fisika. Banyak sekali keuntungan yang diperoleh
dari pemanfaatan gelombang elektromagnetik ini. Tetapi, gelombang
elektromagnetik ini juga dapat memberikan dampak negatif yang dapat mengganggu
kehidupan di muka bumi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang radio
banyak dimanfaatkan oleh manusia dalam bidang komunikasi yaitu digunakan
sebagai alat komunikasi dan pembawa informasi dari suatu tempat ke tempat yang
lain. Salah satunya digunakan pada sistem siaran televise, radio dan perangkat
elektronik yang menghasilkan osilasi listrik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peranan elektronik
dalam sarana komunikasi dapat memberikan dampak negatif. Hal ini terletak pada
gelombang elektromagnetik yang dihasilkan. gelombang elektromagnetik yang
dihasilkan oleh alat elektronik dapat menyebabkan cacat mental karena saraf
otak kita terganggu oleh gelombang tersebut. Selain itu, jika ada yang
menghubungi pada saat mengisi bensin maka daerah SPBU itu dapat menjadi
berbahaya karena gelombang elektromagnetik tersebut dapat memicu ledakan dari
SPBU. Oleh karena itu, kita harus berhati-hati bila berada di derah SPBU.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gelombang yang
dipancarkan dari stasiun radio pemancar dipantulkan oleh lapisan atmosfer bumi.
Lapisan atmosfer tersebut mengandung pertikel-partikel bermuatan listrik, yaitu
lapisan ionosfer sehingga dapat mencapai tempat-tempat di bumi yang jaraknya
jauh dari pemancar. Gelombang radio dapat menembus lapisan ionosfer pada energi
foton sekitar 108 Hz. Gelombang yang membawa informasi diteruskan oleh lapisan
ionosfer. Informasi yang berbentuk suara dibawa oleh gelombang pendukung
sebagai perubahan frekuensi dan disebut sebagai modulasi frekuensi (FM). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gelombang mikro
digunakan dalam analisis struktur atom dan molekul serta digunakan pula pada
radar (<i>radio detecting and ranging</i>). Gelombang mokro juga digunakan
dalam komunikasi antarbenua dengan menggunakan bantuan satelit sehingga walaupun
komunikasi jarak jauh yang terhalang oleh gunung pun dapat dilakukan. Posisi
satelit harus diperhatikan karena posisi satelit mempengaruhi hubungan
komunikasi seluruh dunia. “<i>Microwave oven</i> menggunakan gelombang mikro
dalam band frekuensi ISM sekitar 2,45 GHz. … . Pemanasan dengan gelombang mikro
mempunyai kelebihan yaitu pemanasan lebih merata karena bukan mentrasfer panas
dari luar tetapi membangkitkan panas dari dalam bahan tersebut”. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar inframerah
tidak dapat dideteksi oleh mata telanjang tetapi masih dapat dirasakan karena
energi panas yang dihasilkan. Setiap hari manusia bisa merasakan sinar
inframerah yang berasal dari matahari yang sangat bermanfaat bagi tubuh
manusia. 80% cahaya matahari adalah sinar inframerah karena panjang jangkauan
gelombang sinar ini (4 sampai 1000 mikron).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar inframerah
banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri, bidang kesehatan atau kedokteran,
astronomi, dan dalam mempelajari struktur molekul. dalam bidang kedokteran
sinar inframerah dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi rasa sakit pada rematik dan
menghangatkan permukaan kulit. Sinar inframerah tidak banyak dihamburkan oleh
partikel-pertikel sehingga dalam bidang astronomi dengan menggunakan
pelat-pelat film yang peka terhadap sinar inframerah, pemotretan permukaan bumi
oleh pesawat dari satelit dapat dilakukan. Sinar inframerah dapat digunakan
untuk mempelajari struktur molekul dengan menggunakan alat spektroskop
inframerah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya tampak atau
sinar tampak dapat membantu penglihatan mata kita. Dengan adanya sinar tampak, mata
kita dapat melihat benda-benda di sekeliling kita dan dapat dibedakan
macam-macam warnanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar ultraviolet
dapat digunakan untuk membunuh mikroorganisme, yaitu dengan radiasi ultraviolet
yang diserap akan menghancurkan mikroorganisme seperti hasil reaksi karena
ionosasi dan dissosiasi molekul. Sinar ini dapat mengubah molekul sterol dari
provitamin D menjadi vitamin D yang berguna untuk pertumbuhan tubuh manusia.
sinar ultraviolet juga dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui unsure-unsur dalam
dalam suatu bahan dengan teknik spektroskopi karena rentang frekuensi sinar ini
antara 1015 hertz hingga 1016 hertz.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain memberikan
keuntungan, sinar ultraviolet juga menyebabkan kerugian yang besar dalam
kehidupan. Sinar ultraviolet yang terdapat di dalam matahari dapat diserap oleh
lapisan ozon di atmosfer. Apabila lapisan ozon di atmosfer berlubang maka dapat
meningkatkan sinar ultraviolet yang sampai ke permukaan bumi dan dapat merusak
jaringan kulit pada manusia Sinar ultraviolet membawa lebih banyak energi daripada
gelombang cahaya lain. Karena inilah gelombang ultraviolet dapat masuk dan
membakar kulit sehingga kulit manusia menjadi sensitif terhadap sinar
ultraviolet matahari. Hal ini, dapat menimbulkan kanker pada kulit . Sinar-X
disebut juga sinar rontgen. Dalam bidang kedokteran sinar ini digunakan untuk
memotret bagian tulang yang patah, batu ginjal, paru-paru, dan bagian tubuh
lainnya. Di zaman modern ini, sinar rontgen digunakan dalam operasi pembedahan
sehingga dokter dapat mengetahui bagian mana yang harus dibedah. Pada bidang
industri sinar ini digunakan untuk menemukan cacat las dan bungkus logam karena
sinar ini dapat dapat menembus logam. Pada bidang seni, sinar-X digunakan untuk
melihat bagian dalam patung yang tidak terlihat dari luar. Pada bidang sains
fisika, sinar-X digunakan untuk mempelajari pola-pola difraksi pada struktur
atom suatu bahan sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menentukan struktur bahan
tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar gamma sangat berbahaya untuk
manusia karena dapat membunuh sel hidup terutama sinar gamma dengan tingkat
energi yang tinggi yang dilepaskan oleh reaksi nuklir seperti ledakan bom
nuklir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ground Penetrating Radar</span></i><span style="font-family: "; font-size: 12.0pt; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan metode
geofisika dengan menggunakan teknik elektromagnetik yang dirancang untuk
mendeteksi objek yang terkubur didalam tanah dan mengevaluasi kedalam objek
tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat
Gelombang Elektromagnetik pada Dunia Kesehatan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengaktifkan dan menyeimbangkan
sel-sel tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Sel yang lebih aktif akan mempunyai aktifitas metabolisme lebih tinggi sehingga
dengan metabolisme yang sempurna menghasilkan energi yang lebih besar</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Memecah molekul
air/mengencerkan darah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Lebih dari 70% tubuh manusia terdiri dari air. Darah mengandung 80% air. Jika
jarang olah raga, kurang konsumsi sayuran, budan dan susu, pH darah menjadi
acidik dan kental sehingga distribusi O2, zat gizi dan air ke sel-sel tubuh
menjadi lambat. Selain itu, memperberat kerja/pompa jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 9.0pt; margin-top: 6.0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghambat pertumbuhan
sel kanker</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Membuat kondisi yang tidak nyaman bagi pertumbuhan sel sel kanker. Panjang
gelombang yang dipancarkan oleh Bio Fir 6-14u (mikron) adalah interval
gelombang yang dihindari oleh sel-sel kanker. Dengan memberikan Bio Fir maka
susah bagi sel-sel kanker tumbuh/berkembang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghambat
pertumbuhan bakteri dan jamur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Membuat kondisi yang tidak nyaman bagi pertumbuhan bakteri dan jamur. Bau badan
diakibatkan oleh aktifitas bekteri dan jamur, jika bakteri dan jamur tidak
tumbuh maka akan mengurangi bau badan pada saat kita berkeringat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat
gelombang elektromagnetik banyak dipakai di dunia kedokteran dan laboratorium</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
Seperti,<br />
MIR : untuk general ceck up, <br />
USG : untuk memeriksa bayi dalam kandungan</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh penerapan gelombang elektromagnetik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari</span></u></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radio</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radio energi
adalah bentuk level energi elektromagnetik terendah, dengan kisaran panjang
gelombang dari ribuan kilometer sampai kurang dari satu meter. Penggunaan
paling banyak adalah komunikasi, untuk meneliti luar angkasa dan sistem radar.
Radar berguna untuk mempelajari pola cuaca, badai, membuat peta 3D permukaan
bumi, mengukur curah hujan, pergerakan es di daerah kutub dan memonitor
lingkungan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang
gelombang radar berkisar antara 0.8 – 100 cm. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Microwave</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Panjang
gelombang radiasi microwave berkisar antara 0.3 – 300 cm. Penggunaannya
terutama dalam bidang komunikasi dan pengiriman informasi melalui ruang
terbuka, memasak, dan sistem PJ aktif. Pada sistem PJ aktif, pulsa microwave
ditembakkan kepada sebuah target dan refleksinya diukur untuk mempelajari
karakteristik target. Sebagai contoh aplikasi adalah Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission’s (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), yang mengukur radiasi
microwave yang dipancarkan dari Spektrum elektromagnetik Energi elektromagnetik
atmosfer bumi untuk mengukur penguapan, kandungan air di awan dan intensitas
hujan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infrared</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kondisi-kondisi kesehatan dapat didiagnosis dengan
menyelidiki pancaran inframerah dari tubuh. Foto inframerah khusus disebut
termogram digunakan untuk mendeteksi masalah sirkulasi darah, radang sendi dan
kanker. Radiasi inframerah dapat juga digunakan dalam alarm pencuri. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang pencuri
tanpa sepengetahuannya akan menghalangi sinar dan menyembunyikan alarm. Remote
control berkomunikasi dengan TV melalui radiasi sinar inframerah yang
dihasilkan oleh LED ( Light Emiting Diode ) yang terdapat dalam unit, sehingga
kita dapat menyalakan TV dari jarak jauh dengan menggunakan remote control.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Sinar X </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinar X ini biasa digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran untuk
memotret kedudukan tulang dalam badan terutama untuk menentukan tulang yang
patah. Akan tetapi penggunaan sinar X harus hati-hati sebab jaringan sel-sel
manusia dapat rusak akibat penggunaan sinar X yang terlalu lama. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-9690705548746828202012-11-15T17:47:00.000-08:002012-11-15T17:47:01.964-08:00Keterbukaan<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="color: blue; font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Pendahuluan</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemerdekaan
menyampaikan pendapat merupakan hak asasi manusia. Kemerdekaan warga negara
Indonesia untuk menyampaikan pendapat dijamin oleh UUD 1945 dan peraturan
pelaksanaannya. Adapun peraturan-peraturan yang berkaitan dengan hak tersebut adalah
: Pasal 28 UUD 1945, Pasal 26e ayat 3 UUD 1945, Pasal 28f<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>UUD 1945 dan Pasal 2 UU No. 9 Tahun 1998
tentang kemerdekaan menyampaikan pendapat di muka umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">UU
tersebut di atas memberikan jaminan penuh kepada seluruh warga Indonesia untuk
menyampaikan pendapat. Pemberian kesempatan untuk menyampaikan pendapat
memberikan dampak positif, sehingga ganjalan-ganjalan dan aspirasi dapat
disalurkan dengan baik dan benar. Penyumbatan aspirasi hanya akan menciptakan
kekecewaan dan pada akhirnya akan dapat menimbulkan tindakan-tindakan yang
anarkis. Salah satu bentuk penyumbatan aspirasi adalah keengganan untuk
mendengarkan dan menyimak pendapat orang lain yang merupakan wujud dari
arogansi kekuasaan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Setiap orang harus
menyadari bahwa dirinya berpotensi untuk melakukan kesalahan, tidak terkecuali
seorang pemimpin. Keterbukaan atas saran dan kritik membuat kita akan selalu
berkembang dan menjadi lebih baik. Sikap terbuka ini perlu dikembangkan mulai
dari lingkungan keluarga, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Pengertian</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterbukaan
berasal dari kata terbuka yang memiliki arti tidak sengaja dibuka, tidak
tertutup, tidak terbatas pada orang tertentu saja, tidak dirahasiakan (Kamus
Besar Bahasa Indonesia : 1991 : 151). Keterbukaan berarti memberi peluang luar
untuk masuk dan menerima berbagai hal untuk masuk, baik itu dibidang ilmu
pengetahuan, teknologi dan kebudayaan, idiologi, paham dan aliran, ataupun
ekonomi. Keterbukaan atau transparasi menunjukkan pada tindakan berbagai
kebijakan dalam suatu persoalan dengan tujuan memberikan informasi faktual. Terbuka
menerima kritik, saran, dan pendapat orang lain dalam pergaulan. Tidak menutup
diri dari pergaulan, keterbukaan dan keterusterangan terhadap apa yang
dipikirkan, diinginkan, diketahui, dan kesediaan menerima saran dan kritik dari
orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterbukaan
juga dapat diartikan sebagai keadaan yang memungkinkan ketersediakan informasi yang
dapat diberikan dan didapatkan oleh masyarakat luas. Dengan keterbukaan berarti
seseorang pribadi atau pemerintah atau penyelenggara negara sanggup bertanggung
jawab terhadap kegiatan yang dilakukan kepada masyarakat. Suasana keterbukaan
juga dimaksudkan sebagai keterbukaan di berbagai bidang kehidupan, antara lain
dalam iklim politik, yakni setiap warga negara berhak mengemukakan pendapatnya
sejauh tidak bertentangan dengan semangat Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar
1945. Berkaitan dengan keterbukaan, perlu juga diperhatikan bahwa keterbukaan
tersebut juga memiliki batas-batas.tidak semua hal dapat diungkapkan secara
fulgar kepada publik, seperti contohnya tentang pornografi, tidak boleh
dipublikasikan kepada publik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterbukaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
adalah keadaan yang memungkinkan ketersediaan informasi yang dapat diberikan
dan didapat oleh masyarakat luas. Keterbukaan merupakan kondisi yang
memungkinkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam kehidupan bernegara. Keterbukaan akan
mempengaruhi berbagai aspek kehidupan di suatu negara. Dilihat dari aspek
sosial budaya, keterbukaan akan memberikan ruang gerak bagi masuknya
budaya-budaya barat yang sama sekali berbeda dengan budaya masyarakat
Indonesia. Dilihat dari aspek ideologi, keterbukaan akan memberikan ruang bagi
tumbuh dan berkembangnya ideologi-ideologi dari luar yang tidak sesuai dengan
kepribadian suatu bangsa Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, munculnya era keterbukaan
akan membawa dampak yang sangat buruk apabila kita tidak dapat mempersiapkan
diri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: blue;">Manfaat Keterbukaan</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterbukaan
sangat penting dalam berkomunikasi. Sikap keterbukaan di antara kita akan dapat
melancarkan informasi, dan pada akhirnya akan dapat memperkukuh kesatuan dan
persatuan bangsa. Dengan keterbukaan itu, kita akan dapat menyerap berbagai
kelebihan dan kekurangan yang kita miliki. Dan dengan itu pula kita akan bersikap
dan berperilaku mau menghargai perbedaan yang dimiliki oleh orang, kelompok,
atau suku bangsa lain. Sikap keterbukaan juga akan dapat meningkatkan kualitas
sumber daya manusia. Budi pekerti dalam hubungannya dengan penerapan sikap
berbudi pekerti luhur, salah satu sasarannya adalah membangun dan
menumbuh-kembangkan individu-individu yang berjiwa demokratis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="color: blue; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi keterbukaan secara umum :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akan
memperoleh berbagai informasi sehingga dapat memperkaya pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
meningkatkan sumber daya manusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mampu
memberikan, menularkan informasi mengenai hal-hal yang bersifat dapat
memperkukuh persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mampu
menghalau dan mengantisipasi pihak-pihak yang ingin memecah belah persatuan dan
kesatuan bangsa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memungkinkan
adanya kebiasaan berdialog, baik antar suku bangsa, golongan, aliran maupun
agama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dapat
membentuk forum permusyawaratan baik dalam suku bangsa, golongan, aliran maupun
agama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghindarikan
diri dari fitnah, dan berprasangka negatif. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap
terbuka dalam kehidupan perlu ditumbuh-kembangkan, mulai dari keluarga,
masyarakat dan negara.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun ciri-ciri
keterbukaan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari adalah sebagai berikut : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demokratis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berkeadilan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Musyawarah
dan mufakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berpikir
luas dengan hati yang terbuka</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berani
mengakui kesalahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">
</span></span></span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MENGAPRESIASI SIKAP TERBUKA DALAM
KEHIDUPAN BERBANGSA DAN BERNEGARA</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perwujudan
sikap terbuka dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara dapat dilakukan dengan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kehidupan
yang demokratis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demokrasi adalah sebuah
nilai yang bukan hanya dijalankan dalam penyelenggaraan negara, namun juga
diterapkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di keluarga, sekolah, dan masyarakat.
Demokrasi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mengutamakan adanya penghargaan atas
kesamaan, kebebasan, asas musyawarah untuk mencapai mufakat dan menghargai
adanya perbedaan. Pribadi yang demokratis ditandai dengan kepentingan bersama,
lebih mementingkan kepentingan umum dengan kepentingan pribadi serta tidak
egois.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kehidupan
masyarakat yang madani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masyarakat madani adalah
masyarakat dimana anggotanya terdiri dari berbagai kelompok masyarakat yang
berbeda etnis, agama, dan budaya, serta dapat hidup dan bekerja sama dengan
damai. Dalam masyarakat madani, setiap anggotanya tunduk dan menghormati hukum
serta menempatkan anggota masyarakat dalam hukum dan pemerintahan. Tidak
dikenal adanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Privilege</i>
(keistimewaan) terhadap kelompok tertentu, siapapun dia. Masyarakat madani
merupakan sebuah tatanan kehidupan yang menginginkan kesejahteraan hubungan
antar warga negara dengan negara atas prinsip saling menghormati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebiasaan
berdialog dan bermusyawarah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebiasaan berdialog
adalah kebiasaan yang baik dan mempunyai nilai positif. Berani secara terbuka mengemukakan
pikiran dan pendapat secara lisan kepada orang lain. Dalam berdialog ini
terjadi interaksi atau hubungan yang saling member dan menerima curahan pikiran
dan pendapat. Ini berarti masyarakat telah mengapresiasikan keterbukaan dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari. Begitu pula dengan musyawarah. Musyawarah merupakan perwujudan
dari adanya keterbukaan. Bangsa Indonesia sangat menjungjung tinggi praktek
musyawarah dalam menyelesaikan berbagai konflik. Dalam bermusyawarah seluruh
warga Indonesia memiliki kedudukan, hak, dan kewajiban yang sama. Dalam
musyawarah kesepakatan harus dipegang, dihormati dan dijunjung tinggi oleh
semua pihak yang terlibat dalam musyawarah. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bekerja
sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerja sama merupakan
salah satu perwujudan dari adanya keterbukaan. Bekerja sama adalah kesediaan
untuk melakukan kerja sama kepada siapapun untuk memenuhi hajat hidup dan
kepentingan bersama. Kerja sama terjadi karena adanya tuntutan kebutuhan di
antara mereka. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hidup
rukun</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hidup rukun memang
merupakan hal penting yang menjadi harapan setiap orang. Kerukunan adalah sikap
mental dalam rangka mewujudkan kehidupan yang serasi dengan tidak membedakan
pangkat, kedudukan sosial ekonomi, perbedaan agama, dan kepercayaan terhadap
Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Adapun sikap yang perlu dikembangkan untuk tercapainya
kerukunan, ketertiban, ketahanan, dan keamanan nasional adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdarmasanti/silaturahmi
dengan keluarga, tetangga, dan sahabat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menaati
segala peraturan-peraturan yang telah dibuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu
dan menolong sesama yang membutuhkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 60.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal-hal
yang menghambat terciptanya kerukunan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterbatasan
komunikasi masyarakat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keanekaragaman
kepentingan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai
ketimpangan dan kesenjangan sosial </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Toleransi
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan sikap dan
perbuatan seseorang yang dengan tulus iklas memberikan peluang dan membiarkan
orang lain berbuat sesuai aturan hukum yang berlaku.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Toleransi menimbulkan sikap menghormati dan
menghargai keberadaan orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tata
pemerintahan yang bersih dan berwibawa merupakan salah satu agenda yang sangat
penting dalam pembangunan daerah. Agenda tersebut merupakan upaya untuk
mewujudkan pemerintahan yang baik, antara lain : keterbukaan, akuntabilitas,
efektivitas dan efisiensi, menjungjung tinggi supremasi hukum, dan membuka
partisipasi masyarakat yang dapat menjamin kelancaran, keserasian, dan
keterpaduan tugas dan fungsi penyelenggaraan pemerintah dan pembangunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemerintah
yang bersih adalah kondisi pemerintah dimana para pelaku yang terlibat di
dalamnya menjaga diri dari perbuatan korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Korupsi adalah perbuatan pejabat
pemerintah yang menggunakan uang pemerintah dengan cara yang tidak legal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolusi adalah bentuk kerja sama antara
pejabat pemerintah dengan oknum lain secara illegal pula untuk mendapatkan
keuntungan material bagi mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nepotisme adalah pemanfaatan jabatan
untuk memberikan pekerjaan, kesempatan, atau penghasilan, bagi keluarga ataupun
kerabat dekat, sehingga menutup kesempatan bagi orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">*<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemerintahan yang baik (Good Governance)
adalah pemerintahan yang bebas dari segala bentuk KKN. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri-Ciri Umum
Pemerintahan yang Bersih dan Berwibawa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partisipasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Partisipasi
dapat dilakukan secara langsung atau melalui perwakilan-perwakilan atau
institusi-institusi perantara yang sah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tegaknya Hukum </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penegakan
hukumnya dilaksanakan secara menyeluruh dan tidak sepotong-potong. Penegakan
hukum yang menyeluruh memerlukan peradilan yang bebas KKN.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Transparansi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Transparansi
berarti bahwa keputusan-keputusan yang diambil dan dalam pelaksanaannya
dilakukan dalam tata cara yang sesuai dengan peraturan-peraturan dan
regulasi-regulasi. Hal tersebut juga berarti bahwa informasi tersedia secara
bebas dan dapat diakses secara langsung oleh pihak-pihak yang akan dipengaruhi
oleh keputusan-keputusan dan pelaksanaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap Tanggap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Good
Governance memerlukan institusi-institusi dan proses-proses yang melayani semua
pihak yang berkepentingan dalam kurun waktu yang masuk akal atau pantas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orientasi pada Kesepakatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Good
Governance memerlukan mediasi kepentingan-kepentingan dalam masyarakat untuk
mencapai kesepakatan yang luas tentang apa yang menjadi kepentingan paling
utama seluruh anggota masyarakat dan bagaimana hal tersebut dapat dicapai. Hal
tersebut juga memerlukan suatu persepektif jangka panjang yang luas tentang apa
yang diperlukan dalam pembangunan manusia yang berkelanjutan dan bagaimana cara
mencapai tujuan-tujuan pembangunan tersebut. Kesepakatan tersebut hanya dapat
dihasilkan dari pengertian dalam konteks historis, budaya, dan sosial
masyarakat atau komunitas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesetaraan dan Inklusifitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suatu
kesetabilan masyarakat tergantung pada kemampuannya memastikan semua anggotanya
merasa bahwa mereka mempunyai peranan di dalamnya dan tidak merasa disisihkan
dari arus utama kehidupan masyarakat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Efektifitas dan Efisiensi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Good
Governance berarti bahwa proses-proses dan institusi-institusi menghasilkan hal
yang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan
masyarakat ketika menggunakan sumber daya yang dimilikinya secara tepat guna.
Konsep efisiensi dalam konteks good governance juga mencakup penggunaan
sumber-sumber daya alam secara bijaksana dan perlindungan lingkungan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akuntabilitas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebutuhan
kunci untuk mewujudkan good governance. Secara umum suatu organisasi atau
institusi seharusnya akuntabel pada siapa yang akan dipengaruhi oleh
keputusan-keputusan atau tindakan-tindakannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peran
serta masyarakat akan sangat membantu aparat penegak hukum dalam memantau
kinerja dan perilaku aparat pemerintah. Agar pemerintah dapat melaksanakan
tugasnya dengan baik, tidak melenceng dari tujuan semula, maka partisipasi dari
warga masyarakat untuk mengontrol jalannya pemerintahan sangat diperlukan.
Mengenai peran masyarakat dalam mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan
bewibawa diatur dalam peraturan pemerintah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menurut
peraturan pemerintah nomor 68 tahun 1999 tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Peran
Masyarakat dalam Penyelenggaraan Negara dinyatakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan
peran serta masyarakat adalah peran aktif masyarakat untuk ikut serta
mewujudkan penyelenggara negara yang bersih dan beribawa yang dilaksanakan
dengan menaati norma hukum, moral dan sosial yang berlaku dalam masyarakat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peran
masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan negara untuk mewujudkan penyelenggara negara
yang bersih dilaksanakan dalam bentuk : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hak mencari, memperoleh, dan memberikan
informasi mengenai penyelenggaraan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hak untuk memperoleh pelayanan yang sama
dan adil dari penyelenggara negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hak menyampaikan saran dan pendapat
secara bertanggung jawab terhadap kebijakan penyelenggara negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hak memperoleh perlindungan hukum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
rangka mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan berwibawa, hukum tata
pemerintahan juga memegang peranan atau fungsi yang sangat penting. Adapun peran
dan fungsinya antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai alat atau sarana untuk
memberikan dasar yuridis dan panduan dalam upaya menuntaskan penanggulangan
penyalahgunaan kewenangan dalam bentuk praktek-praktek (KKN). </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai alat atau sarana untuk
memberikan dasar yuridis dan panduan dalam upaya meningkatkan peran serta
masyarakat dalam mewujudkan pemerintahan yang bersih dan berwibawa, terutama
dalam upaya pencegahan dan pemberantasan korupsi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-72585815762687159392012-11-10T06:10:00.001-08:002012-11-10T06:10:42.221-08:00Kepemimpinan Hindu<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berbicara tentang kepemimpinan
dalam ajaran agama hindu , mengingatkan kita akan kebesaran nama Maharsi Kautilya.
Beliau dikenal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga dengan nama Maharsi
Chanakya. Maharsi Kautilya merupakan konseptor dalam penataan sistem
pemerintahan di Kerajaan Magadha, yang saat itu dipimpin oleh putra mahkota
bernama Chandra Gupta yang memerintah kurang lebih tahun 350 SM. Ilmu
pengetahuan yang disusun oleh Maharsi Kautilya yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Arthasastra</b>. Kitab ini lebih dikenal dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nama Danda Niti dan pernah juga disebut Raja
Dharma atau Raja Niti dan Kautilya Arthasastra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah membuktikan bahwa agama
hindu tidak saja merupakan agama yang tertua keberadaanya didunia, melainkan
juga sebagai agama yang mampu menjiwai seluruh aspek kehidupan umat manusia.
Hal ini disebabkan karena agama hindu yang disebut dengan nama <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sanathana Dharma</b> diwahyukan oleh Sang
Hyang Widhi untuk meningkatkan peradaban hukum atau aturan yang dapat
membimbing umat manusia untuk mewujudkan tujuannya yang dikenal dengan istilah
“ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moksartham jagadhita ya ca iti dharma”</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Banyak orang yang bisa menjadi
pemimpin, tetapi tidak banyak di antara yang bersangkutan bisa menjadi pemimpin
karena yang bersangkutan hanya memahami dan mengerti tentang kepemimpinan.
Apakah kepemimpinan itu dan siapakah pemimpin itu. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Kepemimpinan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Kepemimpinan berasal dari
kata dasar pimpin yang berarti bombing atau tuntun. Dari akta pimpin lahirlah kata
kerja pemimpin yang artinya membimbing atau menuntun, dan kata benda”pemimpin”,
yaitu orang yang berfungsi memimpin atau menuntun atau orang yang membimbing.
Kepemimpinan memiliki berbagai macam pandangan seperti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leader ship”leader”</i> dari kata asing, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">management</i> dari kata ilmu administrasi dan Nitisastra dari kata
hindu, serta yang lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Nitisastra berasal dari
bahasa Sanskrta, dari kata niti dan sastra. Niti berarti kemudi, pemimpin,
politik dan social etik, pertimbangan, dan kebijakan. Sedangkan, kata sastra
berarti perintah, ajaran, nasihat, teori dan tulisan ilmiah. Kata Nitisastra
dapat juga diartikan ilmu yang bertujuan untuk membangun suatu Negara baik
darri segi tata Negara, tata pemerintahan maupun tata masyarakatnya. Sehubungan
dengan pembangunan Negara, pemerintahan, dan masyarakat berdasarkan Nitisastra,
ajaran agama hindu dapat memberikan nilai-nilai moril dari wujud pembangunan
tersebut. Dalam hal ini Nitisastra dapat berarti suatu konsepsi penataan
pemerintah dan pembangunan Negara secara umum yang bersifat universal dan
teoritis, namum memiliki nilai praktis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nitisastra merupakan sumber
kepatuhan warga Negara pada hukum dan kebijaksanaan pemerintah dari Negara yang
bersangkutan karena Nitisastra mengajarkan umatnya untuk selalu ikut serta dalam
pembinaan Negara. Strategi utama yang dimiliki Nitisastra sebagai ilmu
pemerintahan berlandaskan ajaran agama hindu adalah ikut serta membina umat
hindu untuk menjadi warga Negara yang patuh dan bertanggung jawab dalam
mewujudkan keselamatan Negara dan tujuan Negara. Nitisastra dapat juga
dipergunakan untuk membuat rumusan kembali, mengakulturasikan konsep dengan
konsep yang lainnya..Sehubungan dengan keberadaan Negara, pemimpin, dan
kepemimpinan, didalam kitab Manavadharmasastra disebutkan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Brahman praptena
samskaram ksatriyena yatha widhi, sarwasyasya, yathanyayan kartawyan
pariraksanam”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Manavadharmasastra,
VII.2)</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ksatria (pemimpin)
yang telah menerima sakramen menurut Veda, berkewajiban melindungi seluruh
dunia dengan sebaik-baiknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat di
pahami bahwa Negara dan pemerintah memiliki peran kepada masyarakat yang
dipimpinnya. Dari sinilah kita rasakan arti penting dari pemimpin dan
kepemimpinan(Nitisastra). Berdasarkan urain di atas dapat disimpulkan
pengertian Nitisastra adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nitisastra merupakan ilmu
pengetahuan tentang tata Negara. Nitisastra adalah suatu ilmu yang bertujuan
untuk mempelajari suatu Negara, baik dari segi politik tata Negara, tata
pemerintahan, dan tata kemasyarakatan dengan meletakkan nilai-nilai moral agama
hindu yang bersifat universal sebagai landasannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sesungguhnya istilah kepemimpinan
tidak sama dengan management, namun keduanya itu sulit untuk dipisahkan. Adapun
perbedaan antara kepemimpinan dengan management adalah Management adalah
rangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh pejabat-pejabat pimpinan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(managers)</i> untuk mengarahkan dan
mengerahkan segala sumber (dana dan daya) untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi
secara efektif dan efisien(Prof. Drs. S. Pamudji, MPA). Sedangkan kepemimpinan
adalh suatu sistem mengoordinasikan kemampuan untuk mengadakan perencanaan dan
kemampuan menggerakkan, serta dapat mengadakan pengawasan. Kepemimpinan adalah
tindakan-tindakan pemimpin menurut tugas dan fungsi pokoknya. Kepemimpinan
adalah seni untuk memengaruhi tingkah laku orang atau manusia sehingga tergerak
untuk mengikuti kemauannya dengan iklas untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.
Sedangkan pemimpin adalah seorang pribadi yang memiliki kemampuan untuk
menggerakkan orang lain dalam upaya mencapai tujuan tertentu atau tujuan
bersama, (Howart W. Heyt, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Art of
Leadership</i>).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian di atas dapat
disimpulka bahwa seorang pemimpin harus memiliki kemampuan, pengetahuan, dan
kelebihan tertentu dari bawahannya sehingga dengan kelebihannya itu maka
bawahannya menjadi patuh, taat, dan percaya dalam rangka melaksanakan tugas
untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Untuk menjadi pemimpin yang baik, seseorang
hendaknya memiliki sifat-sifat yang lebih dari seseorang yang dipimpinnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelebihan
sifat-sifat yang dimaksud antara lain adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelebihan
dalam mempergunakan rasio atau pikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelebihan dalam bidang rohaniah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelebihan dalam bidang jasmaniah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Selain kelebihan sifat-sifat
tersebut diatas, seorang pemimpin dituntut juga untuk memenuhi
persyaratan-persyaratan lainnya seperti </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intelegensi adalah kemampuan
dalam mengobservasi pengetahuan, kemampuan menghadapi situasi baru, kemampuan
melihat hubungan antara kenyataan dalam situasi baru. Dengan intelegensi tinggi
memungkinkan seorang pemimpin untuk mengambil keputusan secara tepat dann
cepat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Karakter adalah sifat-sifat
kepribadian yang berhubungan dengan nilai-nilai. Karakter meliputi semua gejala
pada seseorang yang dilihat dari pandagan benar atau tidaknya, baik atau
buruknya. Gejala karakter ini dapat dilihat dari kesungguhan, kejujuran, dan
kepercayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesiapsiagaan adalah selalu awas
dan waspada terhadap segala kemungkinan yang terjadi, ini dapat dilakukan
dengan memelihara fisik dan mempertinggi kesadaran jiwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jujur atau satya adalah
kesetiaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesetiaan
(satya) merupakan kode etik dari setiap umat hindu. Hal ini ditegaskan dalam
sloka <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">satya mukhaning dharma</i> artinya
kesetiaan adalah puncaknya agama. Satya atau kesetiaan dalam ajaran agama hindu
ada lima, yang disebut dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Panca Satya</b>.
Bagian-Bagiannya terdiri dari berikut ini :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
hradaya adalah jujur terhadap diri sendiri atau pikiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
wacana adalah jujur terhadap ucapan atau perkataan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
semaya adalah setia terhadap janji, yakni konsekuen atau selalu berusaha menempati/memenuhi
segala janji yang pernahdiucapkan atau disampaikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
mitra adalah setia terhadap sahabat, walaupun dalam keadaan bagaimana pun juga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
laksana adalah jujur dalam perbuatan atau tindakan, yakni tidak berbuat curang
kepada sesama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan Kepemimpinan Hindu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tujuan hidup menurut ajaran agama
hindu adalah tercapainnya kesejahteraan hidup jasmani ”jagadhita” dan
kebahagiaan hidup rohani “moksa”. Untuk mewujudkan tujuan hidup itu umat
hendaknya melaksanakan ajaran “Catur Purusartha’ yaitu empat tujuan hidup
manusia yang utama. Empat tujuan hidup adalah dharma, artha, kama, dan moksa.
Keempat unsur tujuan hidup manusia tersebut merupakan jalinan yang tak
terpisahkan keberadaannya. Oleh karena itu, jalinan tujuan hidup manusia
tersebut lebih dikenal dengan istilah “Catur Marga”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan kemampuan manusia yang
terbatas, idealnya mereka hendaknya melaksanakan kerjasama secara permanen dan
berkesinambungan dengan sesamanya. Bentuk kerjasama sangat permanen dan lengkap
itu untuk umat manusia disebut dengan nama ‘Negara’.Negara sebagai wadah umat
manusia untuk mewujudkan cita-cita hidupnya memiliki empat prinsip dasar,
antara lain disebutkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Machstaat
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adlah prinsip
Negara untuk menguasai segala potensi yang dimiliki oleh Negara yang
bersangkutan untuk diabdikan kembalipada tujuan masyarakat Negara itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rechtstaat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah prinsip Negara yang
bertujuan untuk mengatur kehidupan Negara agar berbagai keadaan dan kepentingan
yang berbeda-beda dapat diatur dalam rangka mempercepat tercapainnya tujuan
Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Polisistaat
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adalah suatu
prinsip Negara yang memandang segala seluk beluk kehidupan Negara harus dijaga
agar tidak terjadi penyimpangan-penyimpangan demi terwujudnya tuuan Negara
tepat pada sasarannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Supervisorystaat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah prinsip Negara yang
memandang bahwa fungsi Negara ialah mendorong segala unsur-unsur Negara untuk
lebih cepat mencapai tujuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ajaran
agama hindu yang berorientasi pada kehidupan bhuana agung dan bhuana alit
memberikan pandangan bahwa bernegara merupakan suatu yang sangat penting dan
mendasar. Cabang yang secara khusus membicaraka masalah kehidupan bernegara
disebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nitisastra</i>. Konsep ini
tentang kehidupan bernegara seperti bentuk Negara, tujuan Negara, kedaulatan
Negara, dan kepemimpianan. Tuntunan hidup untuk menjadi warga Negara yang baik
termuat dalam sastra agama hindu yang memberikan kesempatan memimpin Negara,
baik sebagai pemimpin tingkat tinggi, rendah, maupun menengah dan juga untuk
memimpin diri sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tuntunan
ajaran agama hindu berguna untuk umatnya untuk menjadi warga Negara yang baik
untuk membentuk warga Negara yang taat.Sedangkan bagi umat yang mendapat
kesempatan menjadi pemimpin Negara, tuntunan ini bertujuan untuk membentuk
pemimpin yang baik, kuat, bersih, dan berwibawa. Ajaran agama hindu mengandung
Kristal-kristal tentang kehidupan beragama dan bernegara. Kristalisasi nilai
ajarana agama hindu ini terdapat dalam kitab suvi Veda, yang dituangkan dalam
bentuk kitab tafsir seperti Ramayana, Mahabarata, Purana, Bhagavadgita, Sarasamuccaya,
Manusmerti, dan kitab agama hindu lainnya.Kitab-kitab ini menuntun manusia agar
tahu swadharma sebagai masyarakat dan sebagai pemimpin masyarakat serta memuat
cerita yang menceritakan keadaan masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kesejahteraan
masyarakat Negara akan terwujud apabila setiap warga mau berjuang untuk
mensejahtrakan dirinya, keluarga, dan lingkungannya. Dari diri umat manusia
akan tentram apabila atmannya menguasai budhi, budhinya menguasai manah,
manahnya menguasai perasaan atau manahnya dikuasai rajah, rajahnya dikuasai
oleh tamas dan tamasnya dikuasai oleh sattwan. Pemahaman sastra-sastra agam
hindu dalam menanamkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketaatan pada
negaranya dengan cara membandingkan umatnya yang penghinat dengan umatnya yang
menaati Negara. Penghianat selalu berakhir dengan kehancuran dan pengabdian
pada Negara selalu diakhiri dengan kebahagiaan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Agama Hindu tidak membenarkan seorang pemimpin Negara menjadikan
kesibukan sebagia alasan untuk tidak memberika perhatian pada pembinaan pribadinya.
Demikian pula kehidupan dari pemimpin Negara hendaknya dapat dijadikan contoh
oleh keluarga dan warga negaranya. Kitab suci veda menyebutkan sebagai berikut
: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Guna manta sang
Dasaratha, wruh sira ring veda<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bhakti
ring dewa tar malupeng pitra puja, masih ta sireng swagotra kabeh”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sangat utama beliau sang Dasaratha, Sri Baginda ahli Veda(ilmu
pengetahuan) dan sujud bhakti ke hadapan Tuhan, tidaklah lupha beliau
melaksanakan pemujaan ke hadapan Leluhurnya, Sri Baginda sangat mencintai
keluarga dan masyarakatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di
dalam ajaran agam hindu dalam sastraya memuat tentang berbagai macam kewajiban-kewajiban.
Tentang cara-cara memengaruhi memengaruhi masyarakat untuk tujuan positif dan
memajukan sastra-sastra agama hindu. Dengan demikian , sastra-sastra agama
hindu bukan hanya memuat tentang ajaran yang bersifat rohaniah namun juga yang
bersifat duniawi. Di dalam kitab Manavadharmasastra disebutkan sebagai berikut
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Rtam
rtabhyam jiwettu mrtena pramrtena wa, satyanrtabhyamapi wan a cwawrttya
kadacana”</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 269.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Manavadharmasastra,IV.4)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ia
hendaknya hidup dengan Rta, amrta atau dengan mrta dan dengan pramrta atau
dengan cara yang dinamai satya nrta tetapi jangan sekali-kali dengan swawrti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rta yang dimaksud adalah padi yang
menguning, amrta yang dimaksudkan ialah segala yang diberikan tanpa diminta,
mrta yang dimaksudkan ialah makanan yang dapat dari memiinta dan hasil
pertanian yang dimaksud adalah yang disebut pramrta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Kepemimpinan Hindu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setiap orang dalam hidup dan
kehidupan ini berkewajiaban untuk “berkarma” berbuat. Kewajiaban adalah tugas
yang harus dilakukan dan hak adalah sesuatu yang menjadi wewenang untuk
diambil. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tugas dan wewenang atau hak dan
kewajiban seseorang adalah dua yang sulit untuk dapat dipisahkan karena tidak
ada tugas yang dapat dikerjakan oleh seseorang tanpa wewenang. Dan sebaliknya
tidak ada wewenang yang dapat dioeroleh seseorang tanpa mendapat tugas atau
kewajiban yang harus dikerjakan. Kitab suci Veda menyebutkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Sweswe dharma
niwistanam sarwesamapurwacah, warnananmasramanam ca raja srsto, bhiraksita”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Raja atau pemimpin
telah diciptakan untuk melindungi warna dan aturanya yang semuannya itu menurun
tingkat kedudukan mereka melaksanakan tugas-tugas kewajiban mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wewenang seorang pemimpin adalah
haknya untuk menggerakkan orang-orang atau bawahannya untuk mau mengikuti dan
melaksanakan tugas-tugas yang diperintahkan. Tugas adalah kewajiban yang harus
dilaksanakan. Ada beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan tugas dan wewenang
seorang pemimpin yang dilaksanakan dalam kepemimpinannya, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Planning </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atau perencanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah
suatu pemikiran, perencanaan , persiapan, keputusan, dan penerapan yang
dilakukan sebagai suatu kegiatan dari seorang pemimpin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Organisation</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> atau pengelompokan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah
usaha untuk mengelompokkan atau menata kegiata yang telah dicantumkan dalam
perencanaan. Maksudnya adalah menata orang-orang sipaya melakukan
tugas-tugasnya.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kumpulan orang yang
tertata sedemikian rupa memiliki tujuan tertentu yang ingi dicapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Directing</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah
mengusahakan agar rencana pekerjaan itu dapat dilaksanakan. Untuk mendapatkan
hasil yang baik maka pemimpin perlu mendapat masukan dari bawahannya. Pola
kepemimpinan ini dinamakan Leader type dari directing disebut juga dengan nama
Prinsip Counsult.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Coordination</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah
tindakan untuk memperoleh dan memelihara kesatuan diantara perorangan atau
bagian karena usaha yang satu secara konstan merupakan bagian atau pelengkap
dari usaha lainnya. Melalui koordinasi akan mendapatkan keyakinan kerja, bahwa
usaha ditunjukkan untuk mencapai atau memperoleh hasil yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Controlling
</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adalah
pengawasan terhadap rencana yang telah dilaksanakan oleh pemimpin, untuk
memperoleh keyakinannya. Melalui kontrol, akan dapat diketahui apakah rencana
yang dilaksanakan telah sesuai pelaksanaannya sebagaimana yang diharapkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disamping itu, pemimpin perlu
memeperhatikan syarat-syarat lainnya agar sukses dalam melaksanakan tugas dan
wewenangnya. Kitab suci agama Hindu menyebutkan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Ring
janmadhika meta citta reseping sarwa prajangenaka, ring str Madhya manchara
priya wuwus tangde manah kung lulut, yan ring madhyani sang pandita mucap
tattwopadesa prihen, yan ring madhyanikang musuh mucapaken wak sura
singhakreti”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 11.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Nitisastra,I.4)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Orang
yang terkemuka(pemimpin) harus bisa mengambil hati dan menyenangkan hati orang,
jika berkumpul dengan wanita, harus dapat menimbulkan rasa cinta, jika
berkumpul dengan pendeta harus dapat membicarakan pelajaran-pelajaran yang
baik, jika berhadapan dengan musuh, harus dapat mengucapkan kata-kata yang
dapat menunjukkan keberanian eperti seekor singa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">\</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asas-Asas
Kepemimpinan Hindu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hindu sebagai agama tertua di
duniasudah tentu menjadi agama yang paling kaya akan sastra-sastra agamanya.
Berbagai macam jenis ajaran dimilikinya, semua terangkum dalam kitab suci Veda.
Veda adalah sumber tertua ajaran agama hindu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Panca Dasa
Pramiteng Prabhu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam kitab”Negara Kertagama”,
Rakawi Prapanca melukiskan keutamaan asas-asas kepemimpinan yang patut
dipedomani oleh pemimpin. Asas kepemimpinan yang tertuang dalam Kitab Negara
Kertagama sejalan dengan sifat pemimpin besar Indonesia yaitu Gajah Mada.
Dinyatakan ada lima belas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keutamaan
sifat Gajah Mada yang disebut Dasa Pramiteng Prabhu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Panca Dasa Pramiteng Prabhu,
terdiri dari kata Panca artinya lima, Dasa artinya sepuluh, Pramteng artinya
sifat yang utama, Prabhu artinya pemimpin atau raja. Panca Pramiteng Prabhu
berarti lima belas macam sifat yang utama yang patut dipedomani dan
dilaksanakan oleh setiap pemimpin dalam memimpin masyarkat atau bangsa dan
Negara. Sifat-sifat utama seperti apakanh yang patut dipedomani oleh setiap
pemimpin?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Sifat-sifat utama
pemimpin yang patut dipedomani oleh setiap pemimpin hindu” antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wijaya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya berlaku bijaksana dan
penuh hikmat dalam menghadapi masalah yang sangat penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mantriwira</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat pemberani dalam
membela Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wicaksanengnaya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya sanagt bijaksana dalam
memimpin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Natanggawan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya mendapat kepercayaan
dari rakyat dan Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satyabhakti </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aprabhu artinya selalu setia dan
taat pada atasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wakmiwak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya pandai berbicara baik di
depan umum maupun berdiplomasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sarjawaupasawa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat sabar dan
rendah hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dhirotsha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat teguh hati
dalam segala usaha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Teulelana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat teguh iman,
selalu riang atau optimis dan antusia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dibyacita</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat lapag dada atau
toleransi dapat menghargai pendapat orang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tansatresna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya tidak terikat pada
kepentingan golongan atau pribadi yang bertentangan dengan kepentingan umum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Masihtresna Bhuana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat menyayangi isi
alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ginengpratidina</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya setiap hari berusaha
berbuat baik dan berusaha tidak mengulangi perbuatan-perbuatan buruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumantri</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya bersifat menjadi abdi
Negara dan penasihat yang baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anayakenmusuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya mampu membersihkan
musuh-musih Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sad Warnaning
Rajaniti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ajara sad Warnaning Rajaniti
merupakan salah satu dari sekian banyak ajaran kepemimpinan Hindu. Ajaran
kepemimpinan ini patut dipedomani oleh para pemimpin”Hindu” dalam melaksanakana
kepemimpinannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Sad Warnaning Rajaniti
berasal dari bahasa Sanskerta. Dari kata<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Sad</i> artinya enam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Warnaning</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>artinya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kesan ysng diperoleh;corak rupa;corak ragam, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Raja</i> artinys debu;abu;tepung sari;bunga,
dan Niti artinya kemudi;pimpinan;politik dan social etik; pertimbangan,
kebijakan. Sad Warnaning Rajaniti adalah enam kesan, corak, dan sifat yang
utama sebagai persyaratan kepemimpinan guna memimpin bangsa dan Negara. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian-Bagian dari
Sad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Warnaning Rajaniti sebagai ajaran
kepemimpinan Hindu, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Abhigainnika </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">artinya seorag pemimpi harus
mampu menarik perhatian yang positif dari masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara yang
dipimpinnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prajna</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin harus
memiliki daya kreatif yang benar sesuai dengan dharma guna memimpin bangsa dan
negara ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Utsaha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin harus
memiliki daya kreatif yang luhur untuk memajukan kepentingan masyarakatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sakya
Samanta</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya
seorang pemimpin harus mampu mengontrol bawahannya dan sekaligus memperbaiki
hal-hal yang dipandang kurang baik untuk menjadi lebih baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Atma
Sampad</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya
pemimpin harus memiliki moral yang baik dan luhur sehingga dapat dipedomani
oleh bawahannya dan masyarakat yang dipimpinnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aksudra
Paristha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya
seorang pemimpin harus memiliki kemampuan untuk memimpin persidangan para
menterinyadan menarik kesimpulan yang bijaksana sehingga dapat diterima oleh
semua pihak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keenam persyaratan utama para
pemimpin, sebagaimana yang disebutkan hendaknya dijalani dan diamalkan. Dengan
demikian tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam mengantarkan bangsa dan negara mini
dengan mudah dapat tercapai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Sasi brata umar
sukang rat kabeh, ulah ta mrdhu komala yan katon, guyun tamamnis ya tulya mrta,
asing matuha pandita ta swagata”.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 10.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Kakawin
Ramayana,21.14)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Brata Sang Hyang
Candra membuat senangnya semua masyarakat, laksanamu agar simpatik(menarik)
dipandang, senyuman supaya manis berseri-seri bagaikan air penyeduan (amrta),
setiap orang tua dan pandita supaya di hormati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Panca Upaya Sandhi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Melaksanakan kewajiban sendiri
adalah wujud sikap dan tindakan yang mulia dan terpuji. Tidak ada sesuatu yang
dapat tercapai dalam hidup ini tanpa diikuti dengan usaha dan upaya. Tatkala
kita sebagai pemipin, ada lima upaya yang harus dilakukan yang dsebut Panca
Upaya Sandhi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Panca upaya sandhi terdiri
dari kata, Panca artinya lima, upaya artinya usaha, akal, ikhtiar(untuk
mencapai suatu maksud, memecahkan persoalan, mencari jalan keluar), Sandhi
artinya rahasia, kode, berita. Panca Upaya Sandhi berarti lima macam usaha dan
upaya yang harus dimiliki oleh seorang pemimpin untuk menghadapi dan
menyelesaikan persoalan serta tantangan yang menjadi tanggung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jawabnya. Ajaran Panca Upaya Sandi tersurat
dalam lontar Sivabuddha Gama Tattwa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian-bagian dari
ajaran Panca Upaya Sandhi yang dimaksud adalah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Maya </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">artinya seorang pemimpin
hendaknya memiliki dan melakukan upaya dalam pengumpulan data atau permasalahan
yang belum jelas kedudukan dan profesinya sehingga dapat dilakukan penataan
lebih lanjut untuk mencapai kesempurnan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Upeksa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin
hendaknyan memiliki upaya dan kemampuan untuk meneliti dan menganalisis semua
data dan informasi yang ada sehingga semua permasalahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dihadapi itu dapat diletakkan pada
proporsinya masing-masing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Indrajala</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin
hendaknya memiliki upaya dan kemampuan untuk mencarikan jalan keluar setiap
permasalahan dihadapi oleh masyarakat yang dipimpinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wikrama</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin
hendaknya memiliki uapay dan kemampuan untuk melaksankan semua rencana dan
rumusan yang telah diprogramkan sebelumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Logika</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya seorang pemimpin dalam
melaksanakan semua tindakannya, hendaknya selalu didahului denagn pertimbangan
nalar yang sehat dan dapat diterima oleh masyarakat kebanyakan. Segala sesuatu
yang diupayakan bukan didasarkan pada emosi semata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">“Niham
bratani Sang Hyang Indra lapan sira ngudanaken tumrepting jagat. Sira ta
tuladanta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indra brata. Subhanaya undanta
menghyabirat.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 10.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Kakawin
Ramayana,21.11)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Inilah
bratanya Sang Hyang Indra yang patut diikuti. Beliaulah yang menurunkan hujan
untuk kemakmuran jagat. Beliau patut diikuti yang disebut Indra Brata. Sangat
utama tujuan itu yang menyuburkan rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nawa Natya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dalam lontar Nawa Natya, yang
ditulis dalam bahasa Jawa Kuno diperoleh penjelasan bahwa seorang pemimpin
dalam memilih pembantu-pembantu harus bijaksana. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 54.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata Nawa Natya terdiri dari kata
Nawa artinya Sembilan, Natya artinya teguh;bertata susila. Nawa Natya artinya
Sembilan sifat dan sikap teguh serta bersusila yang harus dimiliki oleh para
pemimpin dan para pembantu-pembantunya guna mewujudkan kesejahteraan dan
kebahagian bangsa dan negara yang dipimpinnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagian-bagian
dari ajaran Nawa Natya adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pradnya
Widagda</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya
seorang yang bijaksana dan mahir dalam berbagai ilmu pengetahuan serta teguh
pendirian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wira
Sarwa Yudha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
artinya pemberani, pantang menyerah dalam menghadapi berbagai masalah atau
tantangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paramartha
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">artinya para
pemimpin hendaknya memiliki sifat yang mulia dan luhur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dhirotsaha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya para pemimpin hendaknya
memiliki ketekunan dan keuletan dalam semua pekerjaannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pragiwakya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya para pemimpin pandai
berbicara di depan umum dan pandai berdiplomasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Samaupaya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya para pemimpin hendaklah
setia pada janji yang dibuatnya dengan pihak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lain atau masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laghawangartha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya para pemimpin hendaknya
tidak bersifat pamrih terhadap harta benda di dalam hidup ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wruh
ring Warwa Bastra</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
artinya para pemimpin tahu cara mengatasi macam-macam kerusuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wiweka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> artinya paraa pemimpin dapat
membedakan mana yang benar dan mana yang salah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">‘Bhatara
Rawi mangisep wilana endi tan kara caneh-caneh de nira. Samangkana kita talap
pangguhen tatar gelis yeka surya brata”.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 10.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>(Kakawin
Ramayana,21.13)</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Artinya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Beberatan
Sang Hyang Surya adalah mengisap air. Tidak dengan tergesa-gesa tetapi sangat
berhati-hati beliau. Agar seperti beliaulah caranya bekerja, menunjukkan
pembuktian dengan tidak tergesa-gesa. Itulah beberatan Sang Hyang Surya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: yellow; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sifat Kepemimpinan Hindu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Prof.Arifin Abdul Rachman dalam
bukunya yang berjudul’Kerangka Pokok-pokok Manajemen Umum” menyebutkan bahwa
terdapat tiga golongan sifat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>para
pemimpin, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat-sifat pokok, yaitu
sifat-sifat dasar yang dimiliki oleh setiap pemimpin, antaara lain adil, suka
melindungi, penuh inisiatif, penuh daya tarik, dan penuh kepercayaan pada diri
sendiri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat-sifat khusus karena
pengaruh tempat, yaitu sifat-sifat yang pada pokoknya sesuai dengan kepribadian
bangsa, seperti bangsa Indonesia dengan Pancasila sebagai kepribadiannya,
sebagai dasar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara dan cita-cita
bangsa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sifat-sifat
khusus Karena pengaruh dari berbagai macam atau golongan pemimpin, seperti
pemimpinpartai politik, pemimpin keagamaan,pemimpin serikat buruh, dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lontar
‘Raja Pati Gondala” menjelaskan bahwa seorang pemimpin hendaknya bersifat penuh
sahabat. Hal ini dikenal dengan istilah’Upaya Guna”, Ada 6 sifat bersahabat
bagi seorang pemimpin yang disebut dengan’Sad Upaya Guna”. Selanjutnya Lontar
Raja Pati Gondala menyebutkan bahwa idipimpinnya yang disebut dengan istilah
Tri Upaya Sandhi,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lontar
raja Pati Gondala menyebutkan sepuluh macam hal yang patut dijadikan sahabat
oleh seseorang pemimpin atau raja, antara lain :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Satya
artinya jujur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arya
artinya orang besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dharma
artinya kebajikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asurya
artinya orang yang dapat mengalahkan musuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mantri
artinya orang yang dapat mengalahkan kesusahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Salyatawan
artinya orang yang banyak sahabatnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bali
artinya orang yang kuat dan sakti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kaparamartha
artinya kerohanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Guna
artinya orang banyak ilmu/pandai.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-91966904404855464602012-11-06T02:37:00.001-08:002012-11-06T02:41:21.785-08:00Resensi Rumah Kentang<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Judul Film<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumah Kentang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis
Film <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Horror</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penulis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jose
Poernomo</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sutradara
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jose
Poernomo</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produser <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Raam Soraya<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produksi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hitmaker Studios</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tanggal
rilis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_Oktober" title="4 Oktober"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">4 Oktober</span></a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012" title="2012"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2012</span></a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Durasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>102 menit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 78.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 63.8pt 78.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Horor
dan mampu mengejutkan penontonnya secara cepat itulah hal yang bisa dirasakan
saat menonton film ‘Rumah Kentang” ini. Rumah kentang memang cukup mengerikan
dan membuat bulu kuduk kita merinding bila melihat hantu-hantu yang muncul dibeberapa
bagian film. Tidak hanya itu keadaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rumah yang memang didesain angker sangat mendukung horornya <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>film ini. Begitulah kesan saya ketika menonton
film horor karya Jose Poernomo. Jose Poernomo </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah salah satu sutradara horor lokal terbaik di
Indonesia. Karyanya bukan hanya “Rumah Kentang” <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>saja, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ia sudah dikenal sebagai sutradara film horror
Jelangkung yang terbit tahun 2001, Angker Batu (2007) dan Pulau Hantu (2007).
Jose Poernomo sudah dianggap sebagai sutradara yang mampu menghipnotis
penontonnya dengan caranya menghadirkan gerak-gerik hantu yang dapat membuat
terkaget-kaget. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kisahnya
dimulai dari seorang gadis yang bernama farah yang sedang melanjutkan kuliah di
Melbourne dan kembali ke Jakarta karena ditinggal oleh ibunya yang meninggal
dunia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selama
Farah tinggal di Melbourne dia tidak tahu apa saja yang terjadi pada
keluarganya. Sampai akhirnya dia tahu kalau ibu dan adiknya tinggal di kontrakkan
yang mewah dan ia pindah karena tidak sanggup membayar kontrakkan. Dari wasiat
yang di tinggalkan oleh ibu ternyata masih ada rumah yang akan diberikan kepada
Farah dan Rika adiknya. Mereka pun pindah dan menata ulang kembali rumah
tersebut. Kabar yang beredar bahwa rumah itu dihuni oleh hantu kecil makannya
sering di sebut Rumah Kentang. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari
sana, Jose berhasil membuat penonton penasaran. Karena Rumah Kentang sangat
ditunggu-tunggu oleh penggemar film horor dan mereka ingin tahu apa sebenarnya
maksud dari rumah kentang tersebut. Contohnya saya. Saya juga dibuat penasaran
apa sebenarnya maksud dari nama Rumah Kentang itu dan mengapa Jose poernomo
memberi nama film Rumah Kentang. Film ini sangat menarik karena tidak merusak
logika kita karena akhir-akhir ini film horror Indonesia lebih menonjolkan sex
dari pada jalan ceritanya. Tetapi Jose Poernomo berhasil dalam hal ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan
kepindahan Farah dan adiknya yang membuat film ini mulai mengungkap
misteri-misteri yang terjadi. Seperti film-film horror lainnya
Kejadian-kejadian mistis mulai mencengkam dan sering menghantui. Rumah kentang
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membuat Farah merasa yakin bahwa adanya kekuatan gaib dirumah yang dia tempati.
Saya berpikir kembali Ternyata dalam film ini banyak misteri-misteri dan
kejadian-kejadian yang berkaitan dengan dunia nyata yang sering ditemui pada
kehidupan sehari-hari. Ini yang membuat saya selalu terfokus pada film dantidak
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ikut menjadi korban pembunuhan hantu kecil Rumah Kentang. Bila ingin mengetahui
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-31328579112497600902012-10-26T21:48:00.000-07:002012-10-26T21:48:06.881-07:00Kurangnya Kegemaran Membaca di Kalngan Remaja SMA Khususnya Kelas X.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurangnya
Kegemaran Membaca</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurangnya
kegemaran membaca adalah menurunnya keinginan untuk menambah pengetahuan lewat
jendela dunia berupa bacaan sebagai sumber informasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rendahnya
minat baca dikalangan siswa khususnya siswa kelas X SMA dan masyarakat
Indonesia pada umumnya, berpengaruh buruk terhadap kualitas pendidikan. Wajar,
sudah lebih setengah abad bangsa Indonesia merdeka, permasalahan kualitas
pendidikan masih berada dalam potret yang buram. Kualitas pendidikan bangsa
Indonesia masih tertinggal dari negara-negara tetangganya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurangnya
kegemaran membaca di kalangan siswa terjadi karena siswa terbiasa dicekoki oleh
informasi instan yang biasa diperoleh dari siaran TV dan media elektronik
lainnya. Disamping itu, remaja menganggap membaca adalah hal yang membosankan.
Padahal dengan membaca cakrawala intelektual kita bisa terbuka dan menjadikan
kita lebih tanggap akan lingkungan sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="fwsanitized"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengingat pentingnya membaca dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari khususnya bagi para pelajar, maka tingginya minat baca bagi para
pelajar, wajib dipupuk karena membaca amat menentukan bagi prestasi seorang
pelajar. Bagaimana prestasi belajar siswa akan tinggi jika para siswa enggan membaca
baik buku–buku yang berhubungan denganpelajaran ataupun buku–buku lainnya yang
menunjang?.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="fwsanitized"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Buku adalah harta terpendam yang dapat
mencerdaskan bangsa, bagaimana bangsa kita bisa cerdas jika setiap pelajarnya
enggan untuk membacanya. Tinggi rendahnya minat baca suatu bangsa amat
menentukan kualitas sumber daya manusia, sedangkan kualitas sumber daya manusia
sangat menentukan perkembangan suatu bangsa. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span class="fwsanitized"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meskipun hampir di setiap sekolah memiliki
perpustakaan, namun selama ini perpustakaan hanya dianggap tempat menyimpan
buku. Hanya sedikit pelajar yang memiliki kesadaran untuk berkunjung ke
perpustakaan pada saat waktu luang. Sebagian besarnya menggunakan waktu luang
untuk kongkow-kongkow atau sekedar mengobrol kanan, kiri, kalaupun ada yang
berkunjung ke perpustakaan itu hanya pada saat–saat tertentu saja, misalnya
pada saat ada tugas dari para guru. Ada juga para siswa yang berkunjung ke
perpustakaan hanya untuk membaca cerita roman, para siswa tidak memiliki
kesadaran akan arti penting membaca.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span class="fwsanitized"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b></span><span class="fwsanitized"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
yang menyebabkan munculnya masalah kurang membaca ?</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena
membaca bukan budaya masyarakat Indonesia. Kita lebih terbiasa mendengar orang
tua ataupun kakek nenek kita bercerita dan mendongeng ketimbang membaca buku
cerita.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh
budaya dengar, tonton, dan media elektronik yang berkembang pesat. Anak tidak
dibiasakannya mengisi waktu luang dengan membaca buku, sebaliknya tahan
berlama-lama nonton televisi. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa budaya baca di
Indonesia yang memprihatinkan ini karena kita langsung meloncat dari budaya
lisan ke gambar (televisi dan film). Sedangkan negara-negara barat dimulai dari
budaya bicara, baca, baru ke gambar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
pembelajaran di Indonesia belum membuat pelajar atau mahasiswa harus membaca
buku, mencari, dan menentukan informasi lebih dari sumber yang diajarkan di
sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang
tersedianya buku-buku yang berkualitas dengan harga yang terjangkau juga
menjadi faktor penyebab rendahnya minat baca. Hal itu diperparah minimnya
perpustakaan di tempat-tempat umum yang mudah dijangkau. Juga kurang memadainya
koleksi, fasilitas, dan pelayanan yang ada. Termasuk, tidak meratanya
penerbitan dan distribusi buku ke berbagai daerah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
faktor penyebab kurangnya kegemaran membaca di kalangan remaja adalah :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
1.
Faktor Lingkungan </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Lingkungan adalah faktor utama dalampembentukan
kepribadian seseorang, jika lingkungan sekitar kita berisikanorang-orang yang
memiliki hobi kongkow-kongkow, tidak suka membaca sedikit banyakakan
mempengaruhi diri kita.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
2. Teknologi
yang semakin canggih </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Banyaknya media hiburan seperti TV,
komputer, hand phone, VCD, tape recorder,dan lain–lain. Hal ini banyak menyita
waktu dan orang lebih memilih menikmatihiburan dibandingkan dengan membaca buku
. </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
3.
Kurangnya Kesadaran </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Meskipun kedua faktor di atas tidakada, hobi
membaca tidak akan tercipta jika kita tidak menanamkan kesadaran akanmanfaat
membaca. Namun sebaliknya, meskipun kedua faktor di atas ada , jika
masing-masing individu menanamkan rasa kesadaran akan pentingnya membaca,
tentusaja hobi membaca akan muncul dalam diri kita dan membaca akan
menjadikebutuhan bagi diri kita. </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
4.
Kurangnya Motivasi</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>Motivasi dari berbagai pihak amat dibutuhkan
terutama dari dewan guru dan orang tua murid . </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 85.5pt;">
5.
Suasana Perpustakaan yang kurang nyaman </div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3. Bagaimana cara menanggulanginya ?</b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
1. Memberikan pemahaman akan
pentingnya membaca </div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
Cara ini menekankan pada siswa
bahwa membaca memiliki banyak manfaat. Karena dari membaca pengetahuan semakin
luas dan akan banyak hal baru yang akan kita dapat .</div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt;">
2. Motivasi dari berbagai pihak</div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt;">
Guru sebagai fasilitator wajib memberikan
motivasi kepada para siswanya, dengan cara memberikan berbagai tugas yang
sumbernya dapat diperoleh di perpustakaan, dengan begitu siswa akan sering
berkunjung ke perpustakaan. Bukan hanya dewan guru saja yang wajib memberi
motivasi tapi juga orang tua siswa, karena motivasi merupakan energi penting
didalam meraih keberhasilan, dan merupakan bentuk aktualisasi yang pada umumnya
diwujudkan dalam perbuatan nyata.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt;">
3. Membuat suasana perpustakaan menjadi nyaman .</div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
Suasana perpustakaan yang
nyamanmembuat para siswa betah untuk berlama-lama di perpustakaan dan hal ini
akanmendorong siswa untuk berkunjung ke perpustakaan serta membaca buku–buku
yangada.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt;">
4. Ketersediaan buku-buku yang berkualitas di
perpustakaan </div>
<div style="margin-left: 76.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Buku-buku yang berkualitas dan
mudah di telaah akan mendorong para siswa untuk gemar membaca dan menjadikan
membaca sebagai kebutuhan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
5. Adanya kesamaan Visi
dan Misi dari pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan minat baca masyarakat pada
umumnya dan khusus pelajar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. Selain sekolah sebagai institusi yang mengajarkan
membaca, peran ibu dinilai amat berpengaruh. Seorang ibu biasanya memiliki
waktu jauh lebih banyak dibandingkan ayah. Anak juga lebih dekat dengan ibu.
Ibu punya kekuatan luar biasa untuk membentuk anak. Kalau ibu menggunakan
peranannya dalam konteks memberikan contoh yang baik bagi anaknya, seperti
membaca maka anak akan menjadi pembaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengenalkan
buku/bacaan terhadap anak sejak kecil, serta membiasakan diri untuk mengajak
anak mengunjungi toko buku dan perpustakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. Guru atau dosen lebih sering memberi tugas yang membuat
anak didik harus mencari informasi di perpustakaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. Saling membacakan secara bergantian dalam suatu kelompok
dapat memberikan nuansa berbeda pada materi yang dibacanya, kemudian
dilanjutkan dengan membahas inti bacaanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10. Mengundang penulis, nara sumber atau tokoh yang
berhubungan dengan buku yang dibaca. Sehingga dapat memotivasi untuk juga
berkarya tulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11. Melakukan kunjungan ke tempat-tempat objek tulisan,
sehingga dapat mencocokkan apa yang dilihat dan dibaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12. Membiasakan
saling memberikan buku sebagai hadiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meminjamkan buku satu sama lain</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14. Membuat
anggaran khusus belanja buku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15. Pengadaan lomba-lomba membaca dan menulis, menggambar
dengan memberikan penghargaan, menjadi pendorong untuk menggairahkan minat
baca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 94.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16. Mempagelarkan karya-karya tulis dalam suatu pementasan,
dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan budaya baca melalui seni seperti tari, nyanyi,
musik, puisi dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4. Kelemahan dan Kebaikan
masing-masing cara</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt 117.0pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Memberikan
pemahaman akan pentingnya membaca<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Remaja atau siswa paham akan arti penting membaca dan
mulai menanamkan pemahaman bahwa membaca sangat baik untuk menambah ilmu
pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Guru hanya bisa memberikan penekanan pada siswa tentang hal
baik yang dapat dipetik dari membaca. Cara ini mungkin hanya berlangsung
sementara tanpa ada proses berkelanjutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>Motivasi
dari berbagai pihak<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Karena motivasi yang diberikan dari berbagai pihak,
siswa menjadi terpacu keinginannya untuk membaca. Dan apabila dimotivasi secara
terus menerus, hal ini akan menjadi kebiasaan baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Siswa cenderung hanya akan bergantung pada motivasi dari
pihak-pihak tertentu tanpa ada kemauan mandiri untuk membaca. Muncul suatu
ketergantungan akan motivasi setiap ingin membaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span>.
Membuat suasana perpustakaan menjadi nyaman .<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Karena suasana perpustakaan nyaman, siswa akan lebih
sering berkunjung ke perpustakaan untuk membaca buku. Suasana perpstakaan yang
nyaman, membuat siswa ingin lebih lama berada di sana untuk membaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini diragukan, karena ada kemungkinan, siswa bukannya
membaca, tapi malah berkunjung ke perpus untuk sekedar melepaskan penat sehabis
pelajaran karena suasana perpustakaan yang nyaman. Perpustakaan justru
dijadikan tempat berkumpul untuk bercerita antar siswa.</span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 112.5pt; tab-stops: 117.0pt; text-indent: -81.0pt;">
Cara 4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ketersediaan buku-buku yang berkualitas di perpustakaan </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dengan adanya sumber buku yang berkualitas, siswa bisa
memperoleh informasi yang lebih actual mengenai suatu peristiwa yang terjadi di
lingkungan sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Seringkali, ketersediaan buku-buku yang berkualitas
terbatas di perpustakaan. Sehingga tidak semua siswa dapat memetik ilmu dari
buku tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 112.5pt; tab-stops: 117.0pt; text-indent: -72.0pt;">
Cara 5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adanya
kesamaan Visi dan Misi dari pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan minat baca
masyarakat pada umumnya dan khusus pelajar</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dengan adanya kesamaan visi dan misi antar pemerintah
dan masyarakat, akan mempermudah penyampaian solusi untuk mengatasi masalah
kurangnya kegemarn membaca di kalangan siswa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Terkadang solusi dari pemerintah penyampaiannya terlambat.
Pendistribusian buku-buku yang berkualitas juga harus melewati sistem
perjalanan yang panjang terlebih dahulu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 6 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Melalui peranan seorang ibu, anak akan lebih tertarik
mencoba hal baru khususnya membaca. Karena adanya kedekatan antara seorang ibu
dan anak akan mempermudah membentuk kebiasaan membaca yang baik untuk masa
depan nanti.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ada saja peran ibu yang tidak sepenuhnya tertuju pada
kebiasaan baik anak, sehingga anak tidak terlatih membaca sejak dini. Hal ini
akan membawa dampak buruk bagi perkembangan anak selanjutnya, anak akan malas membaca
dan pengetahuannyapun akan terbatas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 7</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan sering
mengunjungi toko buku dan semacamnya, akan membentuk pola pikir positif pada
anak bahwa kelak membaca akan menjadi kewajibanya agar memiliki cakrawala pikir
yang luas sehingga mampu menghadapi perkembangan dunia yang semakin maju.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Sifat ilmiah pada anak yaitu keinginannya untuk bermain
menjadi salah satu penghambat pelaksaan cara ini. Karena orangtua tidak bisa
memaksakan anak untuk mengikuti semua keinginannya, anak juga berhak menikmati
masa kecilnya dengan bermain dan bukan hanya membaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 8</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini dapat membentuk kebiasaan membaca yang baik
sejak dini. Selagi dini, daya tangkap dan imajinasinya mulai berkembang lewat
hal-hal yang ia baca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Ada kesulitan menanamkan kebiasaan membaca sejak dini,
karena masa itu adalah masa aktifnya untuk bermain dan mengenal dunia luar,
bukan hanya mengetahui dunia luar lewat bacaan tanpa melihat langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 9 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini baik untuk melatih kemampuan menyerap
inti-inti bacaan sehingga membaca akan terasa mengasikkan bila kita mampu
menemukan inti ceritanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Adanya kecendrungan malas berpikir untuk menemukan inti
bacaan, sehingga membaca hanya menjadi sekedar tugas tanpa ada manfaat yang
dapat dipetik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 10</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dengan didatangkannya narasumber, dsb akan memacu
semangat siswa untuk ikut berkarya agar bisa menjadi sepertinya. Semangat itu
bisa muncul lewat pengalaman yang diceritakan oleh narasumber tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Hanya sebagian pihak yang mampu menerapkan cara ini,
karena untuk mendatangkan narasumber diperlukan biaya dan pemilihan waktu yang
tepat agar penyampainnya bia membangkitkan pola pikir positif akan perlunya
membaca.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Cara ini ampuh untuk membuktikan hal yang diperoleh siswa dari membaca dan
membandingkannya dengan keadaan yang ada di lingkungan sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:Cara ini memerlukan kemampuan observasi dan membandingkan
hal yang satu dan yang lain dengan cermat. Namun tidak semua siswa memiliki minat
dan kemampuan akan hal ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 12</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dengan memberikan buku sebagai hadiah, siswa bisa
berbagi buku kegemaran pada teman-teman yang lain. sehingga buku bisa dijadikan
alternative hadiah yang bemanfaat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Tidak semua remaja menganggap buku sebagai hadiah yang
menarik. Mereka terlanjur menganggap barang-barang aksesorislah yang menarik
dijadikan sebagai hadiah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 13 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Dengan saling meminjam buku, berarti ada tambahan ilmu
yang bisa diperoleh dari buku yang dipinjam tersebut. Disamping itu, bisa
menghemat biaya dalam pembelian buku, karena bisa saling tukar menukar buku
kegemaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Di zaman modern sekarang ini, sangat jarang ditemui remaja
yang saling tukar menukar buku, karena mereka menganggap hal ini sebagai suatu
yang ketinggalan zaman. Karena di era yang sekarang ini semua hal bisa didapat
dengan mudah dengan mengakses internet.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini baik dilakukan agar pembelian buku-buku bisa
terjadwal dengan baik, sehingga pembelian buku tidak dijadikan sebagai alasan
pemborosan tapi justru untuk kepentingan menambah wawasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Di zaman modern ini, kebutuhan hidup semakin bertambah,
ditambah lagi perekonomian yang makin sulit, sehingga daftar anggaran membeli
buku seringkali dianggap tidak terlalu penting.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini sangat baik untuk menyalurkan aspirasi dari
siswa-siswa yang gemar membaca atau menulis. Ajang seperti ini bisa dijadikan
sebagai jendla wawasan ilmu pengetahuan yang luas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Acara-acara seperti ini seringkali terlupakan, karena
remaja cenderung memilih acara yang bertujuan menghibur daripada acara yang
bertujuan untuk mendidik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara 16</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebaikan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Cara ini baik untuk siswa yang gemar membaca dan
sebagainya namun ingin mengaplikasikannya dalam bentuk seni. Acara seperti ini
akan menjadi ajang penampilan bakat dari siswa-siswa khususnya siswa SMA kelas
X.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Acara seperti ini seringkali disalah artikan sebagai ajang
pertunjukan seni tanpa memperhatian unsur sastra yang ingin ditampilkan. Remaja
cenderung memperhatikan unsur seninya daripada sastranya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt; text-indent: -85.5pt;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-88336783512053099892012-10-26T21:36:00.000-07:002012-10-26T21:36:09.512-07:00PROPOSAL PEMBANGUNAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar Pemikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sekolah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga" title="Lembaga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lembaga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
yang dirancang untuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengajaran&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengajaran (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengajaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siswa" title="Siswa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">siswa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid" title="Murid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">murid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
di bawah pengawasan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" title="Guru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">guru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Sebagian besar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">negara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sistem</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pendidikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Formal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">formal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
yang umumnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib" title="Wajib"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">wajib</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Contohnya adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Taman kanak-kanak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atau
disingkat <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TK</span> adalah jenjang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan#pendidikan_anak_usia_dini" title="Pendidikan">pendidikan anak usia dini</a> (yakni usia 6 tahun atau di
bawahnya) dalam bentuk pendidikan formal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam penyelengaraan
pendidikan, sarana prasaran sangat di butuhkan untuk menghasilkan KBM (kegiatan
belajar mengajar) yang efektif dan efisien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gedung sekolah dapat
memberikan gambaran yang jelas bagi masyarakat tentang baik buruknya pelayanan
pendidikan yang ada di dalamnya. Gedung sekolah yang terawat dengan baik akan
memberikan gambaran kepada masyarakat tentang pelayanan sekolah dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan yang tertib dan teratur. Sebaliknya
apabila gedung sekolah yang tidak terawat, rusak , halaman penuh rumput yang
tidak teratur akan memberikan kesan bahwa mutu sekolah sudah tidak baik dan
proses belajar mengajar juga tidak baik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di smping itu renovasi gedung
sekolah merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting mengingat bahwa hampir seluruh
waktu belajar siswa berlangsung di sekolah. Mereka hanya dapat belajar dengan
baik apabila kondisi tempat belajarnya menyenangkan. Dengan gedung sekolah yang
terawat baik, anak -anak akan merasa senang dan mempunyai kebanggaan terhadap
sekolahnya. Dengan adanya renovasi gedung banyak manfaat yang dapat diambil
seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
belajar mengajar dapat berjalan dengan lancar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terciptanya
suasana belajar yang kondusif dan nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ransfer ilmu dari guru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke anak didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mutu siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sekolah dapat
ditingkatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pandangan yang baik dari
masyarakat tentang jalannya proses belajar mengajar melalui keadaan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama dan Jenis Kegiatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berlandaskan dasar pemikiran tersebut TK. TUNAS
MEKAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupaya untuk melaksanakan sebuah
proyek guna penyempurnaan sarana dan prasarana sekolah berupa gedung. Proyek
ini berkaitan dengan Renovasi gedung sekolah yang sudah mengalami kerusakan dan
perlu dilakukan perbaikan. Perbaikan ini dilakukan agar anak didik merasa
nyaman dan tenang saat menerima pelajaran di kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagaimana yang telah dipaparkan pada dasar
pemikiran, renovasi ini bertujuan agar proses belajar mengajar dapat berjalan
dengan lancar, terciptanya suasana yang kondusif dan supaya saat belajar anak
didik merasa nyaman, tenang, dan senang saat menerima pelajaran di kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat yang bisa dirasakan oleh semua pihak yang
berkepentingan dengan adanya renovasi gedung sekolah ini diantaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses belajar mengajar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di kelas dapat berjalan dengan lancar tanpa
adanya hambatan apapun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terciptanya suasana belajar yang
kondusif dan nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendapat atau respon masyarakat
terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekolah sangat baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ransfer ilmu dari guru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke anak didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mutu siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sekolah dapat
ditingkatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pandangan yang baik dari
masyarakat tentang jalannya proses belajar mengajar melalui keadaan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyek Renovasi gedung sekolah TK. TUNAS MEKAR ini direncanakan
mulai dari tanggal 24 Desember 2012 dan diharapkan selesai pada tanggal 23
Januari 2013 (31 hari kerja atau selama 1 bulan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lomba
ini dilaksanakan oleh tim sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penanggung Jawab <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kepala TK. TUNAS MEKAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(Eko
Winarmi Ningsih)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketua
Pelaksana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I Made Sutama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bendahara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ni Nyoman Suiti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seksi Dana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ni Nengah
Winiasih</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembiayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembiayaan
Renovasi gedung sekolah TK.TUNAS MEKAR ini dirancang sebesar Rp.5.410.000,-
(Lima juta empat ratus sepuluh rupiah). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RAB
Renovasi berupa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber Dana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
dana dalam proyek renovasi gedung sekolah ini diharapkan berasal dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak
Yayasan Pedidikan TK.TUNAS MEKAR melalui dana pembangunan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak UPTD Dikmudora Kec.Kerambitan melalui
BOP (Bantuan Operasional Pendidikan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak Peduli pendidikan melalui donator </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak Sekolah melalui SPP anak didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak
Orang tua siswa melalui persetujuan dewan sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demikian
proposal “ Renovasi gedung sekolah TK.TUNAS MEKAR” ini dibuat sebagai salah
satu cara untuk mencari dana agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek
ini dapat berjalan dengan lancar serta dengan adanya renovasi gedung sekolah
nanti dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar anak dan supaya anak-anak lebih
tenang dan nyaman saat menerima pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10995532863736261400noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8987014205126386974.post-81790039605726084812012-10-26T21:24:00.001-07:002012-10-26T21:24:17.450-07:00PROPOSAL PEMBANGUNAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
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<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
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<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
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<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dasar Pemikiran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sekolah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> adalah sebuah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga" title="Lembaga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lembaga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
yang dirancang untuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengajaran&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengajaran (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pengajaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siswa" title="Siswa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">siswa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
atau <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murid" title="Murid"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">murid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
di bawah pengawasan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru" title="Guru"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">guru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Sebagian besar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">negara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem" title="Sistem"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sistem</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan" title="Pendidikan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pendidikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formal&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Formal (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">formal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,
yang umumnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajib" title="Wajib"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">wajib</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.
Contohnya adalah </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Taman kanak-kanak</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atau
disingkat <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TK</span> adalah jenjang <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan#pendidikan_anak_usia_dini" title="Pendidikan">pendidikan anak usia dini</a> (yakni usia 6 tahun atau di
bawahnya) dalam bentuk pendidikan formal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam penyelengaraan
pendidikan, sarana prasaran sangat di butuhkan untuk menghasilkan KBM (kegiatan
belajar mengajar) yang efektif dan efisien. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gedung sekolah dapat
memberikan gambaran yang jelas bagi masyarakat tentang baik buruknya pelayanan
pendidikan yang ada di dalamnya. Gedung sekolah yang terawat dengan baik akan
memberikan gambaran kepada masyarakat tentang pelayanan sekolah dan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pendidikan yang tertib dan teratur. Sebaliknya
apabila gedung sekolah yang tidak terawat, rusak , halaman penuh rumput yang
tidak teratur akan memberikan kesan bahwa mutu sekolah sudah tidak baik dan
proses belajar mengajar juga tidak baik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di smping itu renovasi gedung
sekolah merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting mengingat bahwa hampir seluruh
waktu belajar siswa berlangsung di sekolah. Mereka hanya dapat belajar dengan
baik apabila kondisi tempat belajarnya menyenangkan. Dengan gedung sekolah yang
terawat baik, anak -anak akan merasa senang dan mempunyai kebanggaan terhadap
sekolahnya. Dengan adanya renovasi gedung banyak manfaat yang dapat diambil
seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
belajar mengajar dapat berjalan dengan lancar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terciptanya
suasana belajar yang kondusif dan nyaman</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ransfer ilmu dari guru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke anak didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mutu siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sekolah dapat
ditingkatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pandangan yang baik dari
masyarakat tentang jalannya proses belajar mengajar melalui keadaan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama dan Jenis Kegiatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berlandaskan dasar pemikiran tersebut TK. TUNAS
MEKAR<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berupaya untuk melaksanakan sebuah
proyek guna penyempurnaan sarana dan prasarana sekolah berupa gedung. Proyek
ini berkaitan dengan Renovasi gedung sekolah yang sudah mengalami kerusakan dan
perlu dilakukan perbaikan. Perbaikan ini dilakukan agar anak didik merasa
nyaman dan tenang saat menerima pelajaran di kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagaimana yang telah dipaparkan pada dasar
pemikiran, renovasi ini bertujuan agar proses belajar mengajar dapat berjalan
dengan lancar, terciptanya suasana yang kondusif dan supaya saat belajar anak
didik merasa nyaman, tenang, dan senang saat menerima pelajaran di kelas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat yang bisa dirasakan oleh semua pihak yang
berkepentingan dengan adanya renovasi gedung sekolah ini diantaranya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses belajar mengajar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di kelas dapat berjalan dengan lancar tanpa
adanya hambatan apapun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terciptanya suasana belajar yang
kondusif dan nyaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendapat atau respon masyarakat
terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekolah sangat baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ransfer ilmu dari guru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ke anak didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lebih baik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mutu siswa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> didik </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan sekolah dapat
ditingkatkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya pandangan yang baik dari
masyarakat tentang jalannya proses belajar mengajar melalui keadaan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyek Renovasi gedung sekolah TK. TUNAS MEKAR ini direncanakan
mulai dari tanggal 24 Desember 2012 dan diharapkan selesai pada tanggal 23
Januari 2013 (31 hari kerja atau selama 1 bulan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lomba
ini dilaksanakan oleh tim sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penanggung Jawab <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kepala TK. TUNAS MEKAR</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>(Eko
Winarmi Ningsih)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketua
Pelaksana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I Made Sutama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bendahara<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ni Nyoman Suiti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seksi Dana<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ni Nengah
Winiasih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 153.0pt 166.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembiayaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembiayaan
Renovasi gedung sekolah TK.TUNAS MEKAR ini dirancang sebesar Rp.5.410.000,-
(Lima juta empat ratus sepuluh rupiah). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>RAB
Renovasi berupa :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Uraian</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jumlah Barang</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harga Satuan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Batako</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">500 biji</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.1500</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.750.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Besi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10 batang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.25.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.250.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pasir</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2 engkel</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.400.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.800.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Semen</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10 sak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.50.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.500.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Triplek</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2 buah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.50.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.100.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Usuk</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5 batang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.50.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.250.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kosen Pintu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 buah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.400.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.400.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Daun pintu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1 buah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.300.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.300.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Karet abangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8 meter</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.25.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.200.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.95pt;" valign="top" width="37">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 100.8pt;" valign="top" width="134">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ongkos Buruh</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">31 hari</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.45pt;" valign="top" width="151">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.60.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.1.860.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 353.85pt;" valign="top" width="472">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jumlah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.4pt;" valign="top" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rp.5.410.000,-</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber Dana</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
dana dalam proyek renovasi gedung sekolah ini diharapkan berasal dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak
Yayasan Pedidikan TK.TUNAS MEKAR melalui dana pembangunan gedung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak UPTD Dikmudora Kec.Kerambitan melalui
BOP (Bantuan Operasional Pendidikan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak Peduli pendidikan melalui donator </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak Sekolah melalui SPP anak didik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak
Orang tua siswa melalui persetujuan dewan sekolah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penutup</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Demikian
proposal “ Renovasi gedung sekolah TK.TUNAS MEKAR” ini dibuat sebagai salah
satu cara untuk mencari dana agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proyek
ini dapat berjalan dengan lancar serta dengan adanya renovasi gedung sekolah
nanti dapat meningkatkan aktivitas belajar anak dan supaya anak-anak lebih
tenang dan nyaman saat menerima pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Timpag,
31 Agustus 2012</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ketua Pelaksana,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penanggung
Jawab</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 76.5pt 301.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: center 72.0pt 324.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>I Made Sutama</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Eko
Winarmi Ningsih</u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>NIP</u>.19671130 199203 1 007<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><u>NIP</u>.
131348120</span></div>
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